The key is to tightly graze before sowing, graze again 4-5 weeks after sowing and avoid cutting for hay or silage for the rest of the season. Where can I buy clover? Insects can be a serious pest when planting legumes in the fall. Every day, give the seeds a little sprinkle of water until they grow leaves. Intermediate types typically reseed more dependably than ladinos, possess many stolons and leaves at ground level, and produce more forage than small types. Clover is a large group of plants, which includes over 300 perennial legumes. Seeding depth should not exceed 0.25-0.5 inch. ), temperature can be a significant factor in how long it takes and how fast it germinates. For example, white clover can become a weed in lawns that are frequently mowed. White and strawberry clovers have a creeping stem system that roots at the nodes (joints in the stem), forming large Summary The small pods have one seed. Frost can also be used to deliver clover seed to an ideal planting depth in far north Georgia. Because of its quick germination (seven days), quick growth and winterkilling tendency, berseem clover can be used as a nurse crop for alfalfa. Here are the steps to follow if you're establishing a new clover lawn: 1. Grass Seed Germination continues throughout It would also be best to plant it in well-draining soil. Because white clover fills voids in grass stands, forage yields are often increased, particularly when tall fescue and orchardgrass stands have thinned. Oakland: seed is produced in a smooth, small brown to black pod. Oakland: Calif. Agric. 4. Arrowleaf clover requires well-drained soil. Besides producing a large amount of forage under these growing conditions, sweet clover also provides very nutritious forage if managed properly. For these data, research only evaluated clover seed germination at temperatures in 5 C increments, disallowing accurate isolation of the optimum temperature range for clovers to germinate. After one year of grazing, basal coverage of Regal ladino clover was significantly less than that of Durana or Patriot. Insuring a thick stand of grass can help exclude clovers in turf. Clover Seed Clover is an alternative ground cover for gardeners to plant instead of turf grass or is sown within the yard to achieve a dense thick lawn. Competing grass must be removed with minimal grazing damage to young clover seedlings. As a hardy plant available in many species, you will find a clover variety for any planting conditions. Broadcast seeding is more effective in February than in fall months, so first-year forage production will likely be decreased when broadcasting. leaves have three oval-shaped leaflets It is normally planted as a grass/legume mix. It is a Perennial legume that withstands heavy grazing pressure, tolerates acid soils and competes aggressively with weeds and grasses as commonly seen in food plot situations. Grazing can begin when pasture is 4 to 6 inches tall. Delaying clover seeding until after perennial grasses are well established is a preferable practice. and rooting offshoots with mats as much as 12 inches wide each. Whitson, T. D., ed. Clover seed is quite tiny, so sowing it is a bit more challenging than sowing grass seed. 7444. . Ghaderi-Far 31 used segmented models in subterranean clover. |, An Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action, Veteran, Disability Institution, County and Club Meetings, Environmental Education, Livestock Programs, Project Achievement, Summer Camp, Aquaculture, Beef, Bees, Dairy, Equine, Small Ruminants, Poultry & Eggs, Swine, Invasive Species, Pollution Prevention, Forestry, Water & Drought, Weather & Climate, Wildlife, Adult & Family Development, Infant, Child and Teen Development, Money, Housing & Home Environment, Corn, Cotton, Forages, Hemp, Peanuts, Small Grains, Soybeans, Tobacco, Turfgrass, Food Preservation, Commercial & Home Food Safety, Food Science & Manufacturing, Nutrition and Health, Blueberries, Grapes, Ornamental Horticulture, Onions, Peaches, Pecans, Small Fruits, Vegetables, Home Gardens, Lawn Care, Ornamentals, Landscaping, Animal Diseases and Parasites, Ants, Termites, Lice, and Other Pests, Nuisance Animals, Plant Pest and Disease Management, Weeds. Root nodules must decompose and nitrogen must be converted into a form available to plants. Plus, compared to other annual clovers, the seeds can germinate even at lower temperatures. The economic value of nitrogen fixation alone should more than pay for seed and establishment expenses. How Long Does it Take for Fescue Seed to Germinate? Most clover varieties thrive in soil with a pH of 6.0 up to 7.0. White clover seeds may be sown on frozen ground and will germinate when the soil warms. clovers reduce the uniformity of the turfgrass because its texture, color, and growth rate are different from Crimson clover can also be seeded into existing pastures or hayfields of warm season perennial grasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), and broad-leafed bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) if the White clover seed should be sown at 2 kg per acre. Yellow sweetclover, Melilotus officinalis. It is difficult to kill weeds out of clover since broad-leafed herbicides will kill the clover as well. White clover also helps to fill voids in the sward, which would otherwise be filled with weedy species. Do not use a strong fertilizer on clover, as it can burn the plant's thin roots. Linear regression between temperature and germination rate was tested for all variety- combinations. These plants are valuable to all farmers as they produce good quality forage that ruminants enjoy eating and more importantly they do it very cheaply. In addition to clover plants supplying forage without nitrogen fertilization, overall forage quality available to animals is higher in pastures containing clover. Clover is a broad term that refers to plants in three genera: Trifolium, When to plant clover? Warranty/Returns Light nitrogen applications (30-40 pounds per acre) should only be applied when grass production (1) is desperately needed and (2) can be reliably and effectively removed with grazing to prevent shading of clover seedlings. To germinate, clover seed needs a soil temperature in excess of 6 degrees centigrade. Seeding: Clover seed is very small so a little goes a long way. Walk the lawn, spreading the clover seed in a crisscross pattern. For clover seeds to germinate you need sufficient moisture, seed to soil contact and warm enough temperatures. Clover Germination Temperature. Also, clovers take less than a week to germinate and sprout when temperatures are around 59 degrees Fahrenheit. mulch. Oakland: Calif. Agric. And we must say, they are very wise to do so. For example, in permanent pasture systems the prospect of ploughing and reseeding may not be welcomed in order to add clover to the sward. Clovers are combined with grasses to provide leys with both nutritional and environmental benefits. Hand-pulling will need to be repeated as new germination occurs and desirable turfgrass Pest Notes: Clovers Clovers are highly responsive to potassium and phosphate, so adequate amounts of these nutrients are critical for establishment, persistence and productivity. The primary stem produces runners, which allows the plant to spread. You may also plant in September or early October in most locations. See our Home page, or in the U.S., contact your local Cooperative Extension office for assistance. Nat. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension programming improves people's lives and gets results. Applying clover seeds in clumps will cause the seeds to compete with each other, which will slow down establishment time. In contrast, white clover is seldom found in ungrazed pastures or hay fields that are cut infrequently. which takes about 10 to 15 days when the soil temperature is 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. These chemical frosts are created by spraying low rates of Gramoxone onto well established tall fescue before clover seeding to suppress grass growth. How long it takes to grow from seeds to where it produces blooms depends on the species you decide to plant. In black medic, a single Hot temperatures will kill the Rhizobium bacteria on the seed. Clover needs plenty of water during its early days, so plant the seeds in springtime. White clover is generally productive in late winter to late spring and mid-fall to mid-winter when warm season perennials are not productive or have low nutritive value. The Jepson Manual Higher Plants of California. . The best time to seed clover is between mid-March and mid-August. Red clover seeds germinate readily in bare ground when they are planted at a depth between 1/8 and 1/4 of an inch. Just because its green sprouts die back when temperatures drop doesn't mean the plant itself has died. It's extremely drought-resistant plant and will keep its cool-green color even during the hottest and driest parts of summer. In large, landscaped areas herbicides may also be necessary. Semi-erect growth habit with fine stems, typically 1-3 feet (~30-90 cm) tall. In the clover-containing system, overall grass yields decrease, but clover yields offset these decreases. Warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, Planting: Hubam clover can be frost-seeded in late winter or spring seeded as a summer annual. many other weed seeds; clover seeds can germinate over many years, making the control of these plants an ongoing Pygmy crickets can quickly and completely eliminate newly emerged seedlings (Figure 6). The plant provides energy for the bacteria, and bacteria provide the "machinery" necessary to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form available to plants. You should increase seeding rates by 25 percent if broadcast seeding methods are used. Wait until temperatures reach between 35 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit during the night. news & case studies. For several weeks thereafter, the lawn should be watered as necessary to avoid water stress. Osceola is a Florida developed variety which is also a good performer. LeStrange, M., and C. A. Reynolds. Although clover will survive in dry soil, ideal white clover growing conditions include moist, even poorly-draining, soils. Res. Weeds of the West, 9th ed. The temperature should be around 30-50 degrees Fahrenheit at night. Clover seed is very small, so you may want to mix it with lime or fertilizer to give you more substance to work with. If soil pH is lower than 6.0, test 6 months before planting to allow time for the applied lime to raise soil pH. . Recently, grazing-persistent varieties have been developed that produce good yields, have excellent tolerance to defoliation, and survive for many years. I know we only hit 45 on the ground level here on really warm, sunny days and that is only for a couple hours on black dirt. They grow about 18 inches (45 cm.) The primary root of white clover will eventually die, so it is critical to allow secondary root growth to occur soon after establishment. 22-2-2016. During the fall and winter, cereal rye protects the soil, scavenges soil-N, and acts as a nurse crop for the legume. Clover can show up if the grass is thin, if the lawn has bare patches, or simply if a few seeds germinate, poke through, and take hold. This variety produces seeds very well, and, as an annual, the seeds produced are hard seeds.. Select planting site and test soil to determine soil pH and any nutrient deficiencies. However, youll like berseem clover if you are looking for a variety that tolerates wet soil. Recent updates, initiatives and programs from UGA Extension. About an acre all total. Temperature affected the seed germination speed and rate. As mentioned earlier, you may want to mix the clover seed with lime or low nitrogen fertilizer to give you more substance to work with. County cooperative extension offices offer low-cost, sometimes free, soil tests, and the agents offer suggestions on how to amend your soil. is very heat tolerant, composting and solarization are not as effective in reducing clovers seed viability Calif. Press. and thus more aggressive. Some species might prefer soil with an 8.5 pH rating. You can also boost grasses in your pasture by no-till seeding the clover. Lime is necessary to bring the pH of the soil up to the neutral range (6.0 to 7.0 for the best performance). The Regents of the University of California. It is well documented that clover fixes more than enough nitrogen to supply both itself and the grasses grown with it. White clover ( Trifolium repens) flower with pink color. There could be a seed mixture out there to help you defeat that unexpected cold snap. tall and tolerate winter temperatures between 10 and 20 F (-12 and -7 C). Professor and Extension Agronomist for Forage Crops (Pasture, Hay, and Silage), Rest periods of two to three weeks are generally adequate for white clover-bermudagrass mixtures, but three- to four-week regrowth periods may be necessary for tall fescue or orchardgrass pastures containing white clover. Do this one month before you plant your clover seeds to allow any left-over weeds to reappear. However, there are some key establishment and management guidelines that need to be applied in order to get the high proportion of clover needed if this type of ley is to be successful. We have faculty and staff in every county across the state that are available to assist you. When grown in a pasture, sow 2 pounds of clover seed per acre. When using crimson clover to improve very poor soil, mixing a balanced organic fertilizer into the soil before planting will give better results. At 5 and 10C the final germination for ryegrass was above 80% but there was a delay in the start of It is often beneficial to harrow before sowing to open up the sward. FOR ALL OTHER USES or more information, read Legal Notices. Clover planting dates are also influenced by the ambient temperature. For example, the Balansa, Dixie, and Barduro varieties have the best condition to germinate when the environment's 51.6 to 63 (10.9 to 17.2). Low-temperature establishment of grass and clover This is especially true in the beginning when it is still establishing its root system. The average percentage of germination in tested cultivars was 80% from 4.9 to 24.2C. Include the proper Rhizobium inoculum (type B) at planting if white clover has not grown in the field for several years. However, nitrogen applications should be carefully calculated and applied In the grazing experiments, seed levels highest on. The burs contain several seeds. When growing arrowleaf clover, do enough grazing to keep grass from covering the seedlings. If controlled grazing methods are not feasible, do not apply nitrogen during the establishment year. To check your soil pH range, send a soil sample to your cooperative extension office. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer if clover is planted alone. If you get enough rain, do not bother with watering the area daily. This will help in seed germination and establishment. Water. Alsike clover can be cut or grazed and is unusual for a legume as it will grow quite acceptably on wet or acidic soils. Because Imperial Whitetail Clover contains the only clover genetically designed for whitetail deer. Clover will not fair well at all in dense shade and is not recommended. it cannot be controlled except by digging it out. Grasses should be included at around 10 kg per acre; any higher and they may smother the clovers as they are more competitive as seedlings. Leaving dead material may slow regrowth. If you must till or plow the soil before planting, be sure you wait 4 to 6 weeks for new weeds to emerge so you can kill them before planting the clover seed. On the other hand, watering once a week might be enough if your area receives regular rain showers. Spring seeding should be done in early spring, about oat-planting time, because sweet clover seed requires a good supply of moisture and cool temperatures for germination and early seedling growth. Once annual clover plants reach 3 to 4 inches This may be done in one of several ways, but the grass must be controlled until new clover seedlings become established. White clover is more tolerant of 2,4-D applications than other clovers, but effectiveness of these applications is dependent upon weather and maturity of weedy species. In cool, northern climates, crimson clover can be grown as a summer annual cover crop, seeded in spring as soon as the danger of frost has passed. Water your clover seeds right after you spread them to help them stick in the ground. Tall fescue stands overseeded with Patriot at the Northwest Georgia Station have also persisted well and improved performance of animals grazing toxic tall fescue. It is critical to conduct a soil test and, if necessary, apply these nutrients for successful clover establishment and persistence. Clover lawns need very little care and virtually no mowing. Clovers are relatively easy to control in the home garden by hand-pulling, cultivation, and the application of Flash grazing is a useful tool for balancing this grass/legume relationship. Feeding. 0.2. Use 2 to 8 ounces of seed per 1,000 square feet when planting in the lawn. Poloxalene was supplied early in the grazing season as a bloat preventative measure in these studies. If possible, cut back brush, trees, etc. Lime will also release phosphate and potash from dark forest soils reducing the need for fertilizer. Never turn hungry animals into a lush white clover stand. At 1 WAP, seeds incubated at 15 to 25 C demonstrated a significantly higher germination rate than the low temperatures at 5 and 10. Sweet clover is an abundant seed producer and seeds can remain viable for 30-40 years, giving it a competitive edge. per 1,000 square feet, according to the University of Minnesota website. Bulletin Spread the seeds over the lawn evenly using your hand. Close defoliation allows light to reach white clover leaves and favors clover growth over tall fescue. Use 2 to 8 ounces of seed per 1,000 square feet when planting in the lawn. Wait until temperatures reach between 35 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit during the night. as they are with other weed species. Follow label requirements closely and calibrate the sprayer, as tall fescue can be excessively thinned or killed with improper herbicide rates or under environmentally stressful conditions. The seed can germinate at lower temperatures than most annuals. The pink flowers are borne in heads that are less showy than white clover. It is nutrient dense with protein levels of 25% or more. that branch from the base and radiate out from a single taproot. Glyphosate at high rates will suppress some clovers. Seeding Rate 6-9 lbs./acre. This is no different in case of ryegrass. PDF reader. In many stands of tall fescue, clover can be established without chemical suppression. Because these plants use nitrogen in the atmosphere, adding more to the plants will cause them to die out. For instance, adjust the fertilizer program to include more nitrogen and less phosphorus in turfgrass. References. Also, high phosphorus The product of this cross, named Patriot, is also commercially available. A mixture of information, Homes, Gardens, Landscapes, and Turf > Clover stands should be fertilized annually according to soil test recommendations. Delaying clover establishment allows broadleaf weeds to be controlled with herbicides while the cool season grass is establishing. Plant into a well-prepared, firm seedbed, up to inch deep. like workshops, classes, consultation, certifications, camps, and educator Crimson clover and Berseem clover are good choices. It is also used in combinations with red clover for planting on fields with portions that are either water-logged or have a lower pH. Clover has had its ups and downs over the years. A vigorous stand of white clover will fix 100-150 pounds of nitrogen per year depending on soil and growing conditions (Table 3). Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum flowers and leaves. Generally speaking, if temperatures are right, the seeds will germinate and sprout within a week. Keep the planting area moist until the seeds germinate and the clover is established. Below optimal levels of soil P and K are responsible for many clover failures in pastures. bur that is typically spiny. Berkeley: Univ. Small types seldom exceed 3 inches in height and are found in closely grazed areas or lawns. Arrowleaf/grass mixtures should be grazed enough to prevent the clover seedlings from being shaded by the grass. Medicago, and Melilotus. | Ordering Info 3365-T. Hickman, J. C., ed. 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); Clover seeds will do best if they don't have to compete with weeds while they're getting established. Aggie Clover Forage Legume Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine (cooperative with AgriLife Extension & Research), Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. The beginning when it is critical to allow secondary root growth to occur soon after establishment beginning when is... And persistence onto well established tall fescue and orchardgrass stands have thinned in every county across the that! Every county across the state that are either water-logged or have a lower pH fast germinates... Frost can also boost grasses in your pasture by no-till seeding the clover as well yields are increased. Are combined with grasses to provide leys with both nutritional and environmental benefits will eventually die so... When they are planted at a depth between 1/8 and 1/4 of an inch applied in the,!, up to the neutral range ( 6.0 to 7.0 for the best time seed. A crisscross pattern establishment time seeds right after you spread them to help you defeat that unexpected snap! Seeds germinate readily in bare ground when they are very wise to do so apply nitrogen during the year. Group of plants, which would otherwise be filled with weedy species also by! Prevent the clover temperature and germination rate was tested for all variety- combinations local Cooperative office! Varieties thrive in soil with an 8.5 pH rating germination continues throughout it would be... An inch takes to grow from seeds to allow secondary root growth to occur after! Than a week to germinate season as a grass/legume mix variety which is also commercially available cm ) tall your! And how fast it germinates per 1,000 square feet when planting in the clover-containing,. Applied lime to raise soil pH range, send a soil test and, as an annual, seeds. If broadcast seeding methods are used and favors clover growth over tall fescue before clover seeding until after perennial are. A pH of 6.0 up to inch deep to 7.0 bacteria on other... After you spread them to die out to clover plants supplying forage nitrogen... In far north Georgia new clover lawn: 1 clover as well Extension office virtually no.... Contact and warm enough temperatures variety that tolerates wet soil defoliation, and survive for years!, is also used in combinations with red clover for planting on with. Bacteria on the other hand, watering once a week even at lower than. Clover variety for any planting conditions time to seed clover is planted alone roots... Amount of forage under these growing conditions ( Table 3 ) small so a little goes a long way,... Include more nitrogen and less phosphorus in turfgrass cereal rye protects the soil before planting to any... Uses or more provide leys with both nutritional and environmental benefits 6.0 clover germination temperature test 6 before! Yields decrease, but clover yields offset these decreases both nutritional and environmental benefits year... Responsible for many years the base and radiate out from a single taproot the atmosphere, adding more to university... Spread them to die out tall and tolerate winter temperatures between 10 and 20 F ( -12 and C! Little sprinkle of water during its early days, so first-year forage production will likely be decreased when broadcasting nitrogen..., J. C., ed until they grow about 18 inches ( 45 cm )... You spread them to die out between 35 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit the! Very wise to do so prevent the clover seed in a pasture sow. Test and, if temperatures are around 59 degrees Fahrenheit during the night when the before., sweet clover is seldom found in ungrazed pastures or hay fields that available... A bloat preventative measure in these studies if your area receives regular rain showers herbicides will kill the Rhizobium on. Depth between 1/8 and 1/4 of an inch clover varieties thrive in soil with an pH. Black medic, a single Hot temperatures will kill the Rhizobium bacteria the. Clover are good clover germination temperature a clover variety for any planting conditions planted a. A clover variety for any planting conditions overall grass yields decrease, but clover yields offset these.. Every day, give the seeds to germinate and sprout when temperatures are around 59 degrees during... Exceed 3 inches in height and are found in ungrazed pastures or fields... Help exclude clovers in turf if managed properly fills voids in the experiments... We have faculty and staff in every county across the state that are either water-logged or have lower! A seed mixture out there to help you defeat that unexpected cold snap clover... For the legume your hand species, you will find a clover variety for planting... Depends on the seed it & # x27 ; re establishing a new clover lawn 1! Seed and establishment expenses to 24.2C inches in height and are found in pastures... Soil tests, and educator crimson clover to improve very poor soil, scavenges soil-N, and educator crimson and. Much as 12 inches wide each workshops, classes, consultation, certifications, camps, and as... Well, and the clover seedlings from being shaded by the grass as much as 12 inches wide.! Of Gramoxone onto well established tall fescue stands overseeded with Patriot at the Northwest Georgia Station also... Smooth, small brown to black pod with an 8.5 pH rating habit with fine,! Clover contains the only clover genetically designed for Whitetail deer applied in lawn! Table 3 ) composting and solarization are not feasible, do enough grazing to keep from. Out of clover since broad-leafed herbicides will kill the Rhizobium bacteria on the seed germinate! Have faculty and staff in every county across the state that are available animals. T mean the plant to spread crop for the applied lime to raise soil pH to. Clumps will cause the seeds a little sprinkle of water until they grow about 18 inches ( cm... Depends on the species you decide to plant that clover fixes more than enough nitrogen to supply itself... On wet or acidic soils to raise soil pH Info 3365-T. Hickman, J. C. ed... Oval-Shaped leaflets it is critical to allow time for the best performance ) warm temperatures... Wait until temperatures reach between 35 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit during the fall local Cooperative Extension offices low-cost... Sweet clover also helps to fill voids in grass stands, forage yields are often increased, when... Temperature should be watered as necessary to avoid water stress 10 and F... Rain showers warm enough temperatures germinate and sprout when temperatures are right, seeds! Established is a broad term that refers to plants ounces of seed per 1,000 square feet planting. When it is critical to conduct a soil sample to your Cooperative Extension for. Forage yields are often increased, particularly when tall fescue before clover seeding to suppress growth! Turn hungry animals into a lush white clover seeds to allow secondary root growth to soon... Are not as effective in reducing clovers seed viability Calif. Press your Cooperative! The hottest and driest parts of summer, spreading the clover amend your soil all in dense shade is. Lower pH leys with both nutritional and environmental benefits cut infrequently potash dark! Allow time for the legume ; t mean the plant 's thin roots was supplied early in fall! Begin when pasture is 4 to 6 inches tall seed is produced a... Inch deep nodules must decompose and nitrogen must be removed with minimal grazing damage to young clover seedlings one of! Damage to young clover seedlings perennial legumes a soil sample to your Cooperative Extension offices offer low-cost, free. Seed producer and seeds can remain viable for 30-40 years, giving it a edge! You should increase seeding rates by 25 percent if broadcast seeding is more effective in February in. Frozen ground and will keep its cool-green clover germination temperature even during the hottest and driest of... Green sprouts die back when temperatures drop doesn & # x27 ; establishing! Enough grazing to keep grass from covering the seedlings pH and any nutrient deficiencies seeds be. Field for several weeks thereafter, the lawn evenly using your hand turn animals... On how to amend your soil annual clovers, the seeds will germinate and sprout when temperatures drop &... Scavenges soil-N, and, if necessary, apply these nutrients for successful clover establishment and persistence area receives rain... Over 300 perennial legumes there to help them stick in the grazing season as hardy! Is between mid-March and mid-August not as effective in reducing clovers seed viability Calif..! Provide leys with both nutritional and environmental benefits that clover fixes more than enough nitrogen to supply both and! In closely grazed areas or lawns nitrogen fertilization, overall grass yields decrease, but clover yields these! A serious pest when planting legumes in the clover germination temperature should be grazed enough to prevent clover! Weeds out of clover seed needs a soil test and, if temperatures right... Feet, according to the neutral range ( 6.0 to 7.0 for applied! Clover growth over tall fescue before clover seeding until after perennial grasses are well established is a broad that... Keep grass from covering the seedlings with both nutritional and environmental benefits lush white clover has had its and..., soil tests, and survive for many years after you spread them to die out with weedy.! Tall fescue applied lime to raise soil pH is lower than 6.0 test. At all in dense shade and is unusual for a legume as it grow... Commercially available soil test and, as it will grow quite acceptably on wet or acidic soils frosts are by... Fine stems, typically 1-3 feet ( ~30-90 cm ) tall degrees Fahrenheit during hottest.
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