Most famous classical poets describe her beauty as so intriguing that gods and mortals alike could not resist her godly charms. The bull was also one of her symbols and at times it was the bull that she was depicted to be riding. In Dionysica, Selene promises the god that she will work with him to punish his enemies with fits of insanity. Mitchell, Lucy M., "Sculptures of the Great Pergamon Altar" in The Century Magazine, 1883. [91], Selene also played a small role in the first of Heracles' twelve labours; whereas for Hesiod, the Nemean Lion was born to Orthrus and the Chimera (or perhaps Echidna) and raised by Hera,[92] other accounts have Selene involved in some way in its birth or rearing. Athena, also spelled Athene, in Greek religion, the city protectress, goddess of war, handicraft, and practical reason, identified by the Romans with Minerva. The goddess had one temple that was also an oracle near Thalamae in Laconia. [2], Selene was also called Mene. Selene is reputed to have had romantic relationships with her cousin Zeus as well and they had at least three daughters together, if not more children. She was the personification of the moon, but was also associated with lunar elements such as tides, months, and even lunacy. (Similarly, Selenes brother Helios came to be identified with Artemis brother Apollo. Nyx is the goddess of the night and is thus associated with the new moon. He was the god of the sun, who drove across the sky each day in a golden chariot drawn by a team of golden horses. 127 ff (trans. As the daughter of the Titan god of heavenly light, it is an apt name. [68] However, the first account of the story comes from the third-century BC Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, which tells of Selene's "mad passion" and her visiting the "fair Endymion" in a cave on Mount Latmus:[69], And the Titanian goddess, the moon, rising from a far land, beheld her [Medea] as she fled distraught, and fiercely exulted over her, and thus spake to her own heart: 3 (cited in the scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 4.57). [104] Zeus agrees, urged by Selene's complaints and having long intended to deal with the philosophers himself. 10; Pisander, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (FGrH) 16 frag. [141], Selene played an important role in love magic. The first depictions of Selenes moon chariot goes back to the early 5th century BCE. She was worshipped at the new and full moons. Selene and Endymion, in the mural above the stage of the Friedrich von Thiersch Saal in the Wiesbaden Kurhaus. Hyperions role is not fully known today, but given that he was the god of heavenly light in all its forms, it may be assumed that his children, powerful as they were in their individual capacities, only held a fraction of the might of their Titan father. In other words, Selene was the moon (similar to the Roman Luna or even the Norse Mni). [110] In later art, like other celestial divinities such as Helios, Eos, and Nyx (Night), Selene rides across the heavens. But unlike other night goddesseslike Nyx, Hecate, and sometimes even ArtemisSelene represented the moon itself. The second Japanese lunar orbiter spacecraft following was named SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) after Selene, and was also known as Kaguya in Japan. I am the owner and chief researcher at this site. The ancient Greeks saw her as the actual representation of the moon. As the goddess that presided over the moon and its appearance in the sky, Selene was also connected with lunar eclipses. Thou wouldst say far off that this was milk indeed, which is a well-spring of white water: if thou draw a little nigher, lo, the stream is fringed as though with ice, for white stone rims it round. We knew of her that she was a goddess of the moon, but so was Artemis (Greek mythology) . [149][150] In addition, a type of flat, round moon-shaped cake was called 'selene' ("moon") and was offered "to the goddess. 199; Strabo, Geography 14.1.8; Catullus, Odes 66.5; Propertius, Elegies 2.15; Ovid, Heroides 15.89ff, 18.59ff; Seneca, Phaedra 309ff; Hyginus, Fabulae 271; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 8.28ff; Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods 19; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.325ff, 4.195ff, 7.237ff, and passim; Quintus of Smyrna, Posthomerica 10.125ff; etc. [87], According to the late account of Nonnus, when the gigantic monster Typhon laid siege against the heavens, he attacked Selene as well by hurling bulls at her, though she managed to stay in her course, and rushed at her hissing like a viper. These three lunar goddesses were all important to the Greeks in different ways but it was only Selene who was considered the moon incarnate herself. [99] Scholia on Virgil add the story, ascribed to Nicander, that as part of the seduction, Pan wrapped himself in a sheepskin. Synonyms of bright or shining or silvery are often used in descriptions of her, as she was supposed to have a complexion of extraordinary paleness. 80; Acusilaus, FHG 1 frag. The air, unlit before, glows with the light of her golden crown, and her rays beam clear, whensoever bright Selene having bathed her lovely body in the waters of Ocean, and donned her far-gleaming raiment, and yoked her strong-necked, shining team, drives on her long-maned horses at full speed, at eventime in the mid-month: then her great orbit is full and then her beams shine brightest as she increases. On the other hand, her eyes and hair were believed to have been as dark as the night. [127] Selene (along with Helios, Nyx and others) received an altar at the sanctuary of Demeter at Pergamon, possibly in connection with the Orphic mysteries. The Homeric Hymn 31 sings praises to all the children of Hyperion, referring to Eos as rosy armed Eos and to Helios as tireless Helios.. In fact, in the fifth century BCE, the comedian Aristophanes characterized worship of the moon as the mark of a barbarian, not a civilized Greek.[33]. But in the case of her daughters with Endymion, it is widely known that Selene gave birth to the fifty daughters known as the Menai. 112114; Palagia 2005, Examples, among many others, include sarcophagi in the, This Epigenes has been tentatively identified with, Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in, Online version at Demonax | Hellenic Library, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, "Kaguya Another Chapter for the Lunar Saga", Online version at Harvard University Press, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library (Latin), Classical mythology in western art and literature, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selene&oldid=1142206020, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Cohen, Beth, "Outline as a Special Technique in Black- and Red-figure Vase-painting", in. [147] In the city of Epidaurus, in Argolis, Selene had an altar dedicated to her. Selenes Roman counterpart was called Luna (from the Latin word meaning moon). This might have had a role in the later identification of Selene with Hecate, who was, after all, the goddess of witchcraft and spells. [27], In late accounts, Selene (like the moon itself) is often described as having horns. Privacy. Indeed, the Greek comic playwright Aristophanes said in the 5th century BCE that the worship of the moon was a sign of barbarian communities and not to be emulated by the Greeks. Selene and Endymion relief, Alessandro and Lancellotto Pusterla's gravestone, 16th century. A womans fertility was said to be influenced by the cycles of the moon, a belief that gave English the word menses, and under Selenes influence women were said to have an easier time in childbirth than they did during the day. She was the Greek goddess of the Moon and her sisters were the Eos and Helios. Other examples of lunar goddesses and gods are Selenes Roman equivalent Luna, the Mesopotamian Sin, the Egyptian god Khonsu, the Germanic Mani, the Japanese Shinto god Tsukuyomi, the Chinese Change, and the Hindu god Chandra. And a memorial of her couch abides still neath the oaks; for mid the copses round was poured out milk of kine; and still do men marvelling behold its whiteness. In Greek literature, Eos is presented as a daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia, the sister of the sun god Helios and the moon goddess Selene. When Gaia heard of a prophecy that a mortal would help the gods to defeat the giants, she sought to find a herb that would make them undefeatable. Selene - The Moon Goddess - Greek Mythology - See U in History Art: Marcus AquinoColor: Rod Fernandes#GreekMythology #Mythology #SeeUinHistory #History #Myth. Cf. [9] Mene and Men both derive from Proto-Hellenic *mns ("month"), itself from Proto-Indo-European *mhns (meaning moon, the lunar month), which probably comes from the root *meh- ("to measure"), and is cognate with the English words "Moon" and "month". Selene and Endymion standing next to each other, sarcophagus fragment, end of 2nd century AD. The Greeks followed a lunar calendar, making Selene one of the most important deities in the passage of time. H. G. Evelyn-White. [88], Ampelus was a very beautiful satyr youth, loved by the god Dionysus. They put Hyperion to the sword, and drowned Helios in the river Eridanus. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Selene visited the sleeping Endymion where he lay alone in a cave everyday and had fifty daughters with him, the Menai, the personification of the Greek lunar months. Selene was linked to Artemis as well as Hecate; all three were considered lunar goddesses. The crescent moon, full moon, and dark moon corresponded to the three states of being embodied by the Fates. Selene also has several other names. [128], Originally, Pandia may have been an epithet of Selene,[129] but by at least the time of the late Hymn to Selene, Pandia had become a daughter of Zeus and Selene. She announced the coming of her younger brother. Antique pottery, busts, and a lunar disk from the Hellenistic period have been found with depictions of Selene on them. And along with Selene, the moon moved as well. Same thing happened with Helius and Apollo. How old is the United States of America? But the Greek cult of Selene grew more and more prevalent towards the end of the Hellenistic period (32331 BCE). Monday, which the ancient Greeks named after the moon in honor of the moon goddess Selene, is still called that today, even though we might have forgotten the origins. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Rheinisches Museum Fr Philologie, vol. In the most familiar account, Selene first saw the beautiful Endymion as he lay sleeping in a cave on Mount Latmus. Selene the moon goddess was a minor figure in ancient Greek mythology. Thus, Selene falling for Endymion was supposed to represent moonrise every night. [7] The Greek word mene, meant the moon, and the lunar month. 260 M-W; Epimenides, FHG 4 frag. Endymion was, depending on the source, a prince in exile or a simple shepherd. The idea that Selene would also give easy labours to women paved way for identification with Hera and the Roman Juno and Lucina, three other childbirth goddesses; Plutarch calls Selene "Hera in material form. Attic red-figure kylix showing Selene riding the chariot of the moon, drawn by two winged horses. Quintus of Smyrna, Posthomerica 10.336ff; cf. He may have been a pioneer in the field of astronomy and some sources even claimed he was a mortal son of Zeus. So she is a sure token and a sign to mortal men. It is of course a tale that began in Ancient Greece, but the story of Endymion is one taken up with vigour by Renaissance artists and the imagery of the Moon goddesses visiting the eternal sleeping mortal was often repeated. Selene had a relationship with the god Pan, according to Virgil. But she quite likes being glimpsed through the clouds and her coyness is somewhat . The goddess Selene was the daughter of Titius Hyperion and Theia. After all, mythology is storytelling at its finest. The moon was thought to influence people in other ways, as well. In Greek mythology, Selene was the Titan goddess of the moon. In Greek, the name Endymion means one who dives and Max Muller thought that the myth was a symbolic representation of how the sun set by diving into the sea and then the moon arose. As the goddess of the division of the months, Selene was a goddess of time. She is often linked with Endymion, whom she loved and whom Zeus cast into eternal sleep in a cave on Mount Latmus; there, Selene visited him and became the mother of 50 daughters. This she shared with her siblings and other goddesses like Nyx. In this aspect she was closely associated with Dionysus. Pandia (or Pandia Selene) may have personified the full moon,[130] and an Athenian festival, called the Pandia, usually considered to be a festival for Zeus,[131] was perhaps celebrated on the full moon and may have been associated with Selene. Selene herself, upon discovering this, took her own life. Selene was one of the three children of Hyperion and Theia, two of the original twelve Titans. [55] The geographer Pausanias, reports seeing a relief of Selene driving a single horse, as it seemed to him, or as some said, a mule, on the pedestal of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia (c. 435 BC). Instead, Zeus collected all the herbs for himself. The phases of the moonespecially the new moon and the full moonplayed a central role in the ancient Greeks understanding of time and agriculture. Deciphering the Role of Helios, the Sun God of Greek Mythology. It did not take long for Zeus to notice something was amiss. Helios was one of the Titans, son of Hyperion and Theia and brother of Eos (the Dawn) and Selene (the Moon ). Surviving descriptions of Selene's physical appearance and character, apart from those which would apply to the moon itself, are scant. Occasionally she asked her brother to take over her duties so she could spend more time on the ground with Endymion. [28], Another version is known only from Lucian, a satirical writer from the second century CE. Whatever his profession, the handsome young man frequently slept beneath the open sky. It was only later, when Selene began to be conflated with other lunar goddesses, that she was openly worshiped. [28] The Orphic Hymn to Selene addresses her as "O bull-horned Moon", and further describes her as "torch-bearing, feminine and masculine, lover of horses," and grantor of "fulfillment and favor". The personification of the Sun, he was portrayed as driving a four-horse chariot across the sky on a daily basis. Selene, the goddess of the moon, has two siblings: Eos, the goddess of the dawn, and Helios, the sun god. Divine Selene watched over the earth from the sky for three days and the night lingered so that day would not dawn. The cave in Anatolia where Endymion was said to sleep became a holy place for Selene. Who were Zeus' Lovers? Hymn 31, To Helios, also speaks of the two sisters of Helios where the rich-tressed Selene is once again alluded to. [121], In later second and third century AD Roman funerary art, the love of Selene for Endymion and his eternal sleep was a popular subject for artists. [17] It seems however that unlike the Dawn (Eos) and the Sun (Helios), the Moon had very little importance in PIE mythology. Selene appeared each night over the water, shining all the more because she emerged from bathing in the sea. From her immortal head a radiance is shown from heaven and embraces earth; and great is the beauty that ariseth from her shining light. Is the Mother of Castor and Pollux a Goddess? According to some, she bore fifty children while her lover slept and dreamed of her beauty. Not only was she the goddess of the moon, but she was considered a personification of the moon itself and that was how she was portrayed by many of the old poets and writers. GREEK VASE PAINTINGS GALLERY 1 (86 IMAGES) . In rarer traditions, she is the daughter of the Titan Pallas. Though Selene was ultimately able to fight the creature off, the scars from their battle remained forever carved on the face of the moon. This is at times accompanied by stars to depict the night sky, but the crescent moon was perhaps the most recognizable of Selenes symbols. Hurwit, Jeffery M. (2017), "Helios Rising: The Sun, the Moon, and the Sea in the Sculptures of the Parthenon", Jones, Prudence H., "A Goddess Arrives: Nineteenth Century Sources of the New Age Triple Moon Goddess" in. Selene was, while not worshiped openly, apparently the object of many spells and invocations addressed to her by young women. Zeus slept with the human queen Alcmene, of which encounter Heracles was born. While most of the Homeric Hymns were written in the seventh or sixth century BCE, the Homeric Hymn to Selene was probably composed no earlier than the fourth century BCE. the crescent moon, full moon, and dark moon, as delinted by the divisions of the calendar month).[154]. She drives her moon chariot across the heavens. Although she counts as a goddess in her own right, Selene often gets associated with archer goddess, Artemis, who is also a moon goddess. Multiple sources say that she had a hand in the creation of the Nemean Lion, whether that was only Selene working on her own or in conjunction with Hera. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. In some cases, it is debated whether she indeed was the mother. Pandia was the personification of the full moon and may have originally been another name for Selene before the myths made her the daughter of Selene and Zeus. Selene was so enamored of the young man that she left the sky to see him more closely. Eventually, she became identified with Artemis, goddess of the wilderness, who was sometimes associated with the moon. While the Maenids of Dionysus were driven mad by the frenzy of their worship, however, the madness brought about by Selene could be used as a targeted punishment. According to Hesiods Theogony, Selene was born of Hyperion and Theia. Selene The Greek God Selene is best known as the Titan Goddess of the moon. Even if he were sleeping, he would not be parted from the goddess he loved by death. Phoebe The name, stemming from the word for bright, was applied to both Selene and one of the elder Titanesses. Different sources vary as to whether the chariot was golden or silver, but a silver chariot would seem to fit better with the goddess of the moon. [67] The late 7th-century early 6th-century BC poet Sappho apparently mentioned Selene and Endymion. 14)" in, Osborne, Robin, "Looking on Greek Style. [5], Selenes moon chariotsimilar to the sun chariot of her brother Helios and the dawn chariot of her sister Eoswas probably her most distinctive and consistent attribute. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Selene is the Greek proper name for the Moon,[155] and 580 Selene, a minor planet in the asteroid belt, is also named after this goddess. Mene, a name that she was also commonly known by, meant the moon or the lunar month, from the root mens which meant month. This is an attribute that she shares with her Roman equivalent Luna, where the latin luna also means moon.. The other gods, angered, sent him two lions to tear him apart. This irritated Endymion, and enraged Selene, who transforms the girl into a fly (Ancient Greek: , romanized:mua). The Homeric Hymn to Helios uses the same epithet ("bright-tressed"), used in the above Hymn to Selene (elsewhere translated as "rich-", "lovely-", or "well-tressed"),[26] while Epimenides uses the epithet ("lovely-haired"). A variation of this symbol was the nimbus, which surrounded her head, depicting the celestial light she bestowed on the world. [35] However, the Homeric Hymn to Hermes has Selene as the daughter of Pallas, the son of an otherwise unknown Megamedes. The tale of Endymion and Selene is one that has resonated with people for millennia. [1], Selene was often identified with other goddesses, including Men (also spelled Mene), the divine personification of the lunar month; Bendis, a goddess of Thracian origin; Hecate, a goddess of witchcraft; and (especially in later antiquity) Artemis, the goddess of hunting and wild things. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: Rittika Dhar, "Selene: The Titan and Greek Goddess of the Moon", History Cooperative, September 20, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/selene-greek-goddess-of-the-moon/. Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases. Hesiod, Catalogue of Women frag. [125] An oracular sanctuary existed near Thalamai in Laconia. Helios was married to Perse, but he had quite a few extramarital affairs, and a number of children . [74] Theocritus portrays Endymion's sleep as enviable because (presumably) of Selene's love for him. This includes mythical sea monsters, whales, sharks, dragons, and venomous animals. [47] Nonnus has Selene and Endymion as the parents of the beautiful Narcissus, although in other accounts, including Ovid's Metamorphoses, Narcissus was the son of Cephissus and Liriope.[48]. 116, no. She was frequently distinguished by a crescent moon over her head (or occasionally a lunar disk).[9]. Ceto - Goddess of the Water. In many paintings and sculptures, Selene is traditionally depicted with the crescent moon in her vicinity. Selene is the daughter of Titans Hyperion and Theia. The bull panicked, threw Ampelus and gored him to death. Artemis has been commonly associated with Selene. Here Pasipha is used as an epithet of Selene, instead of referring to the daughter of Helios and wife of Minos. 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