Child Psych EXAM 3. The influence of nutrition on child development can be seen in areas such as physical and cognitive health. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). A childs desire to fit into their in-group may be an evolutionary trait. This approach believes that biological sex creates gendered behaviour. In women, estrogen levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts and beginning their menstrual cycle. What parents talk to their children about is different based on gender as well. Write by: . 64 terms. Social behavior that reflects varying degrees of aggression, dominance, dependency and gentleness. Gender roles in development consist of biological, psychosexual, social learning and cognitive. Both describe how specific cognitive skills and thought processes can affect how our gender identity develops. What methods are used in cognitive psychology? By a childs second year of life, children begin to display knowledge of gender stereotypes. When testosterone is low, the baby grows female sex organs, and its brain does not undergo significant gendered changes. Research has also revealed that prosocial behaviors are encouraged more in girls, than boys (Garcia & Guzman, 2017). Which of these theories are NOT cognitive theories of gender development? The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table Authors Overall, teachers place less emphasis on girls academic accomplishments and focus more on their cooperation, cleanliness, obedience, and quiet/passive play. However, they described the baby as angry or irritable when told the infant was a boy. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Nature and nurture play important roles and to ignore one is to misunderstand the developmental process (Magnusson & Marecek, 2012). Clarify whether these influences are independent of each other or whether they interact with each other. So why did Freud describe the conflict in the Phallic stage as the Oedipus complex? By stating this, it had to be understood that a boy and girls develop differently. Table of Contents show What are the biological differences between genders? How we acquire gender identity. The following link provides a nice summary of how the two genders move through the Phallic Stage: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf . Kohlberg believed, much like Freud did, that children go through three specific developmental stages in their lives. This later impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the cause of psychopathology. Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors.Differences have been found in a variety of fields such as mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, emotion, sexuality, and tendency towards aggression.Such variation may be innate, learned, or both. Gender schema theory, although largely a cognitive theory, does incorporate some elements of social learning as well. Before then, lets be sure we have some important foundational knowledge of psychoanalytic theory. Thus, there are natural reasons to not intertwine and to instead segregate (Bussey, 2014). Similarly, females need higher levels of estrogen as well as oxytocin, which encourages socialization and bonding (Bevan, 2017). However, the different in- and out-groups, which are cognitive concepts that boys and girls identify with during their early years, can significantly impact their gender expression. How do children develop their gender identity in their in-group? Sex-based explanations explain that gendered behaviors have occurred as a way to adapt and increase the chances of reproduction. Certain hormones contribute to our physical sex characteristics. Overall, psychoanalytic theory focuses on very early life experiences. It appears that children first learn to label others gender, then their own. For example, chromosomes (female XX, male XY), reproductive organs (ovaries, testes), hormones (oestrogen, testosterone). What is the cognitive theory of gender development? Outline strengths and weaknesses of these theories. (McLeod, 2008). True or false? Recent studies have shown the possible role and interaction of neuroanatomic, hormonal, and genetic factors. 4.3.1. Once a child can label their own gender, they begin to apply schemas to themselves. Fig. When we look at a particular topic in psychology from a particular psychological approach, it can be helpful to look at how other schools of thought also approach the same phenomenon. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes, and how they can explain our behaviors and certain psychological phenomena. Give two examples of cognitive theories of gender. Bertha (Anna O.) These stages relate to their age and understanding of gender. We have seen a slight shift in this in many media forms beginning in the mid to late 1980s and 1990s (Stever, 2017; Torino, 2017). The biological factors that impact the child's development significantly are, gender, physical health, mental health, and health practice. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. The cognitive-developmental theory of gender development suggests that children adjust their view of gender based on the new information they receive as they mature. Initially, mothers engaged in this behavior more than the children did; however, as children aged, children began displaying this behavior more than their mothers did. 4.2.6.1. Carl Jung proposes that the female gender identity develops through the Electra complex. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. This insecurity then would lead to either (1) withdrawal from competing or (2) becoming more competitive (Harris, 2016). What are some cognitive influences on gender? These are psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental theory. Thompson found that the older children were able to correctly identify genders more often than the younger children, suggesting that this skill develops between these two age groups. The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg published his cognitive theory of gender development in the 1960s. Horney disputed this (Harris, 2016). This occurs due to varying levels of exposure to testosterone. How can cognitive theories of gender development be applied? By identifying with their in-group, usually consisting of people with similar gender identities, children take on gender characteristics and develop their gender expression and their idea of belonging to their in-group. Next, declarative fact learning, is simply learning by being presented factual information. Children used gender schemas and gravitated to gender-normed toys. Gender refers to a person's sense of, and expression of, their maleness or femaleness. What are some biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development? The idea is that we use schemas about gender to guide our behaviors and actions. what were kohlberg's stages of gender development and when do they occur? Genetic gender predisposition theorists further reference case studies in which males with damaged genitalia undergo plastic surgery as infants to modify their genitalia to be more female aligned. Theoretically as well as empirically, the approaches and results are quite contradictory. As such, she recognized that females may be limited due to this, which then leads to developing a masculinity complex. Things can only be one or the other, and there is very little flexibility in schemas. This approach assumes that we develop our gender identities around the age of five, which Freud calls the 'phallic stage', through specific crises he calls 'complexes'. Biological influences include. By ten months, infants can associate certain objects with . Think about that for a moment infants are recognizing and matching gender before they can ever talk! Schemas are abstract cognitive structures, like a mental toolbox containing information about various things. So, gender schemas make it easier to make decisions in the moment, regarding gendered behavior. Did you know that infants can differentiate between male and female faces and voices in their first year of life (typically between 6-12 months of age; Fagan, 1976; Miller, 1983)? First, declarative episodic learning is learning that occurs by observing or modeling behavior, which requires an individual to be able to verbally recall what has been observed. Superordinate schemas guide information for gender groups whereas own-sex schemas guide information about ones own behaviors as it relates to their own gender group (Dinella, 2017). In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Social factors include ideas regarding gender roles conveyed by family, authority figures, mass media, and other influential people in a child's life. Likewise, they will criticize, and perhaps even reject a peer, when a peer engages in play that is inconsistent with gender expectations. Sociocultural theory is an emerging field of psychology that looks at the contributions of society to individual development. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Essentially, the groups with the strongest DNA that allowed for the best traits for survival, survived. Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. Really, this area falls into two subcategories: prenatal hormonal exposure and prenatal toxin exposure. Lets quickly recap basic biology. His theory states that gender development occurs in stages, similar to Jean Piaget's 1936 essay describing specific stages in which children develop certain cognitive skills. The cognitive theory of gender development focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. As children get older, peers become increasingly influential. (2011 ) social environment impacts the development of gender identity. Specifically, twin studies have shown that nonconforming gender traits, or transgender, is linked to genetic gender predispositions. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. We will then take a very detailed look at various factors that impact gender socialization while also uncovering two common social theories social learning theory and social cognitive theory. This could be because staying with like-minded people, such as members of your gender, was much safer than spending time with people very dissimilar to you (e.g., an unfamiliar group) because they would not have much incentive to raise you and help you survive. Gender constancy includes multiple parts. the fact that cognitive, social, and biological forces all interplay to influence gender development illustrates which theme from the text. The verbal recall component is the declarative component and the individual actually experiencing the events (not simply being told about them) is the episodic component. Critics suggest that, although biology may play some role in gender identity development, the environmental and social factors are perhaps more powerful in most developmental areas, and gender identity development is no different. Cognitive influences on our gender can include who we consider our in- and out-groups, how those around us express or conceptualise gender and media's impact on gender roles. 4.1.1.2. When this was discovered, his mother/wife hung herself and Oedipus poked both of his eyes out, blinding him (McLeod, 2008). Teachers also tend to praise boys and girls for different behaviors. Here is the interesting part: modeling does not just stop after the immediate moment is over. In early childhood, peers are pretty direct about guiding gender-typical behaviors. The existence of research supports the validity of the theory. Thus, the conflict is resolved (McLeod, 2008; Sammons, n.d.). We must first base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept, i.e., something occurring in our minds and not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. Gender identity appears to be established by around age three and gender constancy somewhere between the ages of five and seven. 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