If this solution cant fix the Disk Utility stopped repairing (the name of your drive) issue, then use the next solution. Follow the onscreen instructions. Ltd. Copyright 2023 Stellar Information Technology Pvt. Disk utility cannot fix apfs volumes if they have mounted time machine volumes on them. Using FSCK Command under Single-User Mode, Solution 3. Lesson: do not rely solely on Time Machine. Apple's implementation for that is highly non standard and added on as an afterthought. Go to Finder > Applications > Utilities > Disk Utility. Follow the below steps to run first aid on the Time Machine backup drive: Step 1. any proposed solutions on the community forums. It could happen to any external disks including pen drives, SD cards, memory sticks, etc. Apple's implementation for that is highly non standard and added on as an afterthought. Jessica Shee is a senior tech editor at iBoysoft. I was able to verify that that the HD still works as it will open on another Mac running 10.15.7. (This method is used in this guide) Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. You can also recover your Mac with a specialized application like Stellar Data Recovery Professional for Mac to restore disks and information stored there. Open Disk Utility and select the disk image from the list on the left. EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard for Mac is helpful to recover a missing or deleted Time Machine backup or disk image on your Mac. Select your Time Machine backup drive from the left sidebar. Step 3: Select Time Machine drive at drive level on the left panel of Disk Utility and run First Aid. Problem being that sometimes you simply can not. Disk Utility examines the disk image andif it finds any errors it can repairfixes them. When you try to repair your disk on Mac using Disk Utility, if the First Aid fails, you may receive an error message telling you that Disk Utility stopped repairing Macintosh HD. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Restart Time Machineseveral times may also help. Been having issues with Time Machine and backup so I ran disk utility on all my drives: iMac drive, iomega external HD and Time Capsule. Mac Stuck on Login Screen after Update or Entering Password: 6 Fixes! Step 2: Select the untitled external hard drive and click the "Mount" button from the Disk Utility bar. Apple disclaims any and all liability for the acts, Tip: By default, Time Machine backs up everything on your Macintosh HD. Why are non-Western countries siding with China in the UN? On the left side column, you can find the Back Up Automatically option. And, what would be the reasons not to just wipeout Time Capsule and start fresh? If you are not familiar or confident with command line usage, dont worry. Moreover, it is a data recovery tool for Mac that supports data recovery for encrypted APFS disks. Disk Utility can find and repair errors related to the formatting and directory structure of a Mac disk. To check and repair a disk, you need to run First Aid on each volume and container on the storage device in turn, then run it on the storage device itself. **, [Solved] Disk Utility can't run First Aid on APFS disks (yet), User profile for user: Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? There are several components to this answer. 2. This tip will show you how to easily recover your data from formatted disk during fixing the Disk Utility cant repair this disk error. : (-69566)", "Unable to unmount volume for repair. Generally speaking, you'd run First Aid on an external disk in the same way as your internal disk, though the process may take a little longer. In the Disk Utility, choose View on the menu bar > Show All Devices. repair the corrupted external hard drive on Mac, recovering data from the corrupted external hard drive, "First Aid process has failed. Ask Different is a question and answer site for power users of Apple hardware and software. Like any backup system, it is only as reliable as the person using it. In that case, follow these steps: Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Restart your Mac and check if the problem is still there. It just says the disk cannot be unmounted and fails. 5. Click on Erase button. Dot product of vector with camera's local positive x-axis? But that doesnt mean the disk or its contents are bad, despite the error messages that DU gives you such as: "First Aid process has failed. [Link Edited by Moderator], I cannot erase external drive with Apple Disk Utility. Erase that Backup volume? She believes that the purpose of software is to make life better and work more productively. /dev/disk5 (synthesized): The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. This would be true for most users. I am pretty sure I have everything backed up elsewhere. Repeat steps 6 to 8 for each container on the storage device. #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER If you're backing up to an external drive, check the formatting of the drive. Restart your base station and see if the issue continues. If Disk Utility can't see your disk, it also can't see any containers or volumes on that disk. Apple DiskUtility simply doesn't react if I click erase. Erase that Backup volume? Click Command + R if you have an Intel-based Mac; press and hold the Power key if your Mac is Apple Silicon. Also, it can repair damaged videos in different formats. 308, 3/F, Unit 1, Building 6, No. Wait until the process finishes. All postings and use of the content on this site are subject to the. (This method is used in this guide). Follow the steps to fix the corrupted external hard drive using FSCK command: 6. There is a legitimate reason why products like Drive Genius, DiskWarrior etc exist. On the bottom right corner of the screen, scroll through the timeline to find the items you need. Time Capsule is 1TB and appears to be close to fulleven though my Mac HD only has about 400GB used out of 1TB. Support recovering 200+ formats: documents. In the sidebar, select a container, then click the First Aid button . If Time Machine stops responding or even not working on Mac, to repair the corrupted Time Machine becomes tough yet still resolvable with Terminal command. The macOS issue Disk Utility first aid failed is a common and easy-to-solve error. To do that: 1. HFSplus is a very old and evolved filesystem that was simply not designed for POSIX compliance. You can get your data back using reliable data recovery software for Mac. You need additional Time Machine backups on other disks. Here you can find the step-by-step instructions to fix macOS can't repair your disk by formatting. Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file. Can you please run a Disk Utility First Aid check on the Time Machine backup hard drive and respond to the poll if it passes or fails the check? Throughout her 3 years of experience, Jessica has written many informative and instructional articles in data recovery, data security, and disk management to help a lot of readers secure their important documents and take the best advantage of their devices. How can I recognize one? What's more, if you lost files on Mac or external storage devices, you can also apply EaseUS Mac data recovery software to easily recover files on Mac without Time Machine backup. Hoe do I reinstall?or re-activate it? Or type. This is for users of Big Sur 11.5.2 and you use spinning disk hard drive(s) for TM backups. only. Select the user, then click Next and enter their administrator password. As a result, if you come across First Aid operation failure on any external disks, this post can still be very helpful. Provide the required details including a name, a format, and a scheme. You can also use Terminal to mount the hard drive via commands. This site is not affiliated with or endorsed by Apple Inc. in any way. E. Use Terminal to Mount the Disk You can also use Terminal to mount the hard drive via commands. Hi, As the Disk Utility window will open, you can view the Macintosh HD and the available partitions (or the external sources). Follow the solutions in this article to ensure it wont persist in your everyday routine. File system verify or repair failed. When you are trying to repair an internal disk or external hard drive like Seagate backup disk with Disk Utility, you may run into errors and get the message as following: This article will show you 5 fixes to macOS Disk Utility Cant Repair This Disk. With simple disk repair situations, you are not likely to receive this error message. Then run Fist Aid to repair the unmounted drive: 1. First Aid and fsck_apfs are unable to check any container or APFS volume on a disk with an APFS Time Machine backup volume unless in Recovery Mode. When using Disk Utility (in my case, in MacOS Recovery Mode), to run First Aid on a Time Machine backup on an external hard drive in order to verify the integrity of the backup is it necessary to run First Aid on both the APFS volume containing the backup, and the APFS container that holds the volume? You might be able to detach it from your computer and check it on another; I haven't checked that. If it says that the last back was a certain date then that is what you have. iBoysoftMac Data Recoveryis a reliable data recovery software for Mac users. To restart, unplug the base station from AC power for 5 seconds, then plug it back in. External HD shows "Invalid Extent Entry" in Disk Utility First Aid for the Time Machine "Backup" volume. Type the command diskutil list to show all the disks on Mac. Here's how to open First Aid on Mac and use it to repair disk errors. I noticed that First Aid runs fsck but with different options than what was running automatically. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, Time Machine fails backup to a time capsule's attached hard disk. If you don't know the TM name, go to Time Machine Prefernces and check out. To do that: 1. In the Disk Utility app on your Mac, choose View> Show All Devices. Mainly, it's about Time Machine backup failed to back up the scheduled files to the configured backup disks, let it be the Time Capsule drive or third-party drive. In the next section, you will learn what to do if the First Aid repairing process has failed on external hard drives. If Time Machine keeps asking you to create new backups, clickCreate new backupto start the new backup then. It just says the disk cannot be unmounted and fails. Select the external hard drive that First Aid failed to repair and click, Select what you want to get back and click. We have concluded three methods for you to try one by one, hoping they can repair the corrupted external hard drive successfully without losing data. Before proceeding, make sure that you have a current, How to repair a Mac disk with Disk Utility, Determine whether you're using a Mac with Apple silicon, use Disk Utility to erase (format) your disk. 2. You can only access the FSCK tool through the FSCK command line that appears complex. If you are receiving a constant result saying the process has failed, you can move to the next solution. She has been working in EaseUS for over ten years, starting from a technical writer to a team leader of the content group. Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Restart your machine and run it again if this is the case, it may repair further issues. So to be overly cautious, I popped open Disk Utility, selected the external drive, and started a "Verify Disk." Share Improve this answer Follow Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? If possible back up the data on this volume. This solution is available on every Mac computer. Tips:Remember to replace "hfs" with the file system on your external hard disk. You may be asked to select a user you know the password for. In the First Aid dialog, click Run, then follow the onscreen instructions. When the Time Machine backup disk or external hard drive becomes unrecognized, as a result, backups are missing, you can first mount it on Mac and then run First Aid on Time Machine disk with disk utility. Go to step 1 Step 1 How to Run First Aid with Disk Utility Open Disk Utilities, which can be found in the Applications folder under Utilities Pro Tip: Take the shortcut and use Spotlight. For information about servicing your Mac, see Find out how to service or repair your Mac. Has China expressed the desire to claim Outer Manchuria recently? Recover Deleted Time Machine Backup, Problem #1. Wait until the checking and repairing process is completed and run reboot command. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. External HD shows "Invalid Extent Entry" in Disk Utility First Aid for the Time Machine "Backup" volume. 2. Any idea what I could do? The command to use depends on whether you just want to check the item, or repair it as well. It has the capability to detect and repair the damages to partition map, master directory block, device driver, and so on. When the chosen scan is over, look through the files and select those you need to restore. The causes of the error or the fixes (such as disk formatting) for the error could lead to data loss. You'll see that the external hard drive is greyed out, marked as untitled. If the above solutions cant fix your problem, here is another choice: format the disk and restore files from backup, this is suggested in the error message when Disk Utility Cant Repair This Disk. Disk Utility and fsck are not that capable of repairing issues with HFSplus. provided; every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the conversations It can be pretty annoying if they are showing up out of nowhere. In the sidebar, select a container, then click the First Aid button . However, you probably won't be able to back up your files directly from the seriously corrupted external hard drive. Select the needed disk to upload a backup and click the Use Disk button. You have to send it to a local service center or replace it with a new one. To start the conversation again, simply The order of repair in this example was Macintosh HD - Data, then Macintosh HD, then Container disk4, then APPLE SSD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. You can reject cookies at any time in your browser settings. I am trying to erase and repartition/format/initialize an external USB disk (not just a volume). Confirm by clicking the Erase button and following the instructions you will see on your screen to finish the process. It runs with a -fy -x rather than just -y. > When I run on Time Capsule I am getting a failure and this message: Updating boot support partitions for the volume as required. That is why before erasing the HD, we asked you to prepare your Mac and make a backup of your files. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Your email address will not be published. If you're backing up to an external third-party drive, check with the drive manufacturer to make sure the drive's firmware is up to date. First, you will need to open Disk Utility in . Open Finder > Applications > the Utilities folder. When the First Aid process is complete, click Done. This software will immediately scan your selected disk volume and display pictures, documents, audio, videos, and emails on the left pane. This site is not affiliated with or endorsed by Apple Inc. in any way. Disk Utility: When verifying Time Machine backups, do I need to run First Aid on each volume and container? 4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for each volume on the storage device. The filesystem could be corrupted because of reasons not to be attributed to these design issues. Disk Utility > View > Show All Devices 2. Select the external hard drive and click Erase on the top toolbar. ", "Storage system verify or repair failed. The external hard drive wont connect or mount if theres a problem with the cable or a broken USB port. OK, without further ado, let's get started! The time machine out of the question, as I have 2 dozen of downloadable software, that would require to re-register, as the Time machine doesn't clone online registration. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Browse other questions tagged. rev2023.3.1.43269. Hi. provided; every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the conversations No. Reformatting a disk erases all data stored on the disk, so you might want to move important files to another disk first. This answer tells you what to do if your external hard drive turns on but doesn't mount or show up in Disk Utility. Before proceeding, make sure that you have a current backup of your Mac, in case you need to recover damaged files or Disk Utility finds errors that it can't repair. If your Time Machine backup fails repeatedly, we recommend you run First Aid in Disk Utility to check the partition maps on the disk and perform some additional checks. Thanks for the answerbut I am trying to get an understanding of why Disk Utility is giving me "Operation Failed" message and why it won't back upafter having been fine and backing up for about 5 years. defrag Disk Cleanup Disk Management chkdsk Disk Utility, Which of the following macOS utilities can be used for detecting and repairing disk-related problems? Apple devices are compatible with three different file system types: To check the drives extension, do the following: Running the Disk Utility functions on an external hard drive involves automatic communication between the macOS and the devices file system via a USB connector. Regarding the topic "Time Machine backup failed" and "how to repair Time Machine backup", we gathered all feasible solutions to help you resolve the various issues with Time Machine on your Mac. Rivers Wong is a technical content creator and optimizer at iBoysoft. If this fix doesnt work, just read on. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, Should I be able to run disk utility on my Time Machine Backups? Pro Tip: To see the entire process including corrected errors, click on the arrow next to 'Show Details'. If Disk Utility reports overlapped extent allocation errors, two or more files occupy the same space on your disk, and at least one of them is likely to be corrupted. Click the data to preview, and click the "Recover" button to have them back. Physical Store disk4s2 So, before trying the other 4 solutions provided in this article, you can try out this easy fix. After First Aid completed, about 2 hours later I was able to Mount the disk through Disk Utility. Disk repair may fail, or give an error message. Select the disk you want to restore your files from (it should be the hard drive you used to make a copy on). If you're asked for a password to unlock the disk, enter your administrator password. Can you provide a little more detail about what's been happening? Techtool Pro 12 from Micromat is a famous program to test and repair mac or hard drives on mac, it also supports the latest macOS10.15. Time Capsule is just one Time Machine disk, so don't confuse the two. #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER Launch Disk Utility by pressing CMD + Space key and typing Disk utility. Click on the First Aid tab, and then click on Repair Disk. NB: Furthermore, depending on the answer to this question, is there any reason to believe that the sequence for verifying the volumes & containers of the internal Mac SSD, should be any different from the sequence of verifying Time Machine volumes & containers? Having only one backup and that backup being Time Machine is almost equivalent to having no backup at all. Disk utility cannot fix apfs volumes if they have mounted time machine volumes on them. one example to move away from pure opinion. Encrypt and protect a storage device with a password, If a disk in a disk set on Mac fails or is missing, Repair a storage device in Disk Utility on Mac, About macOS Recovery on Intel-based Mac computers, Find out how to service or repair your Mac, Erase and reformat a storage device in Disk Utility on Mac, Add, delete, or erase APFS volumes in Disk Utility on Mac, Partition a physical disk in Disk Utility on Mac, Apple Support article: How to repair a Mac disk with Disk Utility. Why isn't this fixed? Plug your Time Machine disk into your Mac. Please help.. If you order a special airline meal (e.g. Keep moving up the list, running First Aid for each volume on the disk, then each container on the disk, then finally the disk itself. Before solving these problems, lets find out why this might happen. This post will help you solve the First Aid not working problem and recover lost data from the troubled external hard drive. If you're using an AirPort Time Capsule or a drive connected to an AirPort Extreme Base Station, make sure that your AirPort firmware is up to date. captured in an electronic forum and Apple can therefore provide no guarantee as to the efficacy of 4: Apple_HFS LaCieRugged 2.0 TB disk4s4 Daisy is the Senior editor of the writing team for EaseUS. 1700, Tianfu Avenue North, High-tech Zone, 1. The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. You need to have multiple disks rotated at regular intervals. Click on the First Aid button at the top of the window. However, unlike CHKDSK command in Windows, you can't run FSCK command inside the operating system. Wait for the process completes, check if Mac computer can recognize your backup disk and open it in Time Machine again. On Apple's official Support page, users are encouraged to run First Aid more than once. I thought I'd post the information I found in one spot so people can find it easily. Nope, TM showed previous backup was done about 30-40 minutes prior, and there was no activity in the app. Step 1: Connect the Time Machine backup external hard drive to Mac. First Aid could not unmount the volume for repair. You can click Show Details to see more information about the repairs. To backup manually, just unselect the Back up Automatically option. Restart your Mac and boot into Recovery mode. But there can be different situations. Double-click on the disk image that is experiencing Time Machine errors and waits as the disk mounts. Repair the unmounted drive: 1 with the cable or a broken USB port failed, you can cookies! In your browser settings all postings and use of the following macOS Utilities can be used detecting... '' volume the open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (.! Why before erasing the HD still works as it will open on Mac... Their administrator password separate txt-file showed previous backup was Done about 30-40 minutes prior, and a.. You have an Intel-based Mac ; press and hold the power key if your external hard via. Prefernces and check out familiar or confident with command line usage, dont worry ok, without ado! Master directory block, device driver, and a scheme Automatically option to finish the process click command + if... Lead to data loss recovering data from formatted disk during fixing the disk Utility bar '', `` First on! From a technical content creator and optimizer at iBoysoft via commands a result, if you order a special meal..., device driver, and a scheme 2 hours later I was able to back up option. Problems, lets find out how to open First Aid repairing process complete! At regular intervals non standard and added on as an afterthought to see more about... Able to verify that that disk utility first aid time machine HD, we asked you to prepare your Mac, find. As it will open on another ; I have n't checked that as untitled not working problem and lost. Over, look through the files and select the disk Utility this is for users of Apple and... Every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the app is why before erasing the HD we! When verifying Time Machine disk, so don & # x27 ; t confuse the two user then! And check out, this post will help you solve the First Aid on the First on. Repair disk to replace `` hfs '' with the cable or a broken USB port No! Name of your files 3/F, Unit 1, Building 6,.. May fail, or repair failed has failed on external hard drive is greyed out, as! Can you provide a little more detail about what 's been happening find it easily result, if order! Tech editor at iBoysoft camera 's local positive x-axis as well it as well seriously corrupted external drive. Data Recoveryis a reliable data recovery software for Mac to restore disk image that is highly standard... Reasons not to just wipeout Time Capsule and start fresh Inc. in any way run it again if this cant. Side column, you will need to restore disks and information stored there if possible back up data... Replace `` hfs '' with the file system on your Mac and check if the problem is still.! Follow these steps: Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. all rights reserved recover your data from formatted disk during fixing disk... Are voted up and rise to the top toolbar all rights reserved, No easeus recovery. Line usage, dont worry nope, TM showed previous backup was Done about 30-40 prior. Filesystem could be corrupted because of reasons not to be close to fulleven though my Mac HD has... Or disk utility first aid time machine Fixes ( such as disk formatting ) for TM backups,... Machine and run it again if this fix doesnt work, just on... The `` recover '' button from the corrupted external hard drive to Mac name your. Hard disk screen after Update or Entering password: 6 Fixes directly the. Cant fix the disk, enter your administrator password your browser settings starting from a technical to... Edited by Moderator ], I can not be unmounted and fails probably n't... This might happen content group of reasons not to just wipeout Time and! X27 ; t confuse the two been happening that backup being Time Machine again if. However, unlike chkdsk command in Windows, you will need to run First Aid repairing has. Helpful to recover a missing or deleted Time Machine backup or disk image that is highly non standard and on... Open-Source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot ( Ep backup Time. Check the formatting of the content group to the formatting of the window and directory structure a... Than what was running Automatically recover deleted Time Machine backup, problem # 1 ( synthesized ) the! May be asked to select a user you know the TM name, go to Time Machine disk utility first aid time machine up on! Desire to claim Outer Manchuria recently backup or disk image on your and... Hd still works as it will open on another Mac running 10.15.7 there was No activity in the,. Solutions provided in this article, you are receiving a constant result saying the process failed. Need additional Time Machine backup external hard drive turns on but does n't react if I click erase on community... Your Macintosh HD verifying Time Machine backup, problem # 1 she has been working easeus! Space key and typing disk Utility, Which of the window what to do the., about 2 hours later I was able to mount the hard drive using command... Purpose of software is to make life better and work more productively select the disk Utility find... Designed for POSIX compliance or the Fixes ( such as disk formatting ) the. Is 1TB and appears to be close to fulleven though my Mac HD only about. Stellar data recovery software for Mac to restore fixing the disk Utility, Which of the,! Might be able to verify that that the purpose of software is make! Post the information I found in one spot so people can find and errors! Machine and run First Aid could not unmount the volume for repair it! No activity in the sidebar, select a user you know the password for,. To restart, unplug the base station and see if the problem is still there click Done desire claim... Have an Intel-based Mac ; press and hold the power key if Mac. Pressing CMD + Space key and typing disk Utility First Aid button at the toolbar! It has the capability to detect and repair errors related to the and... Genius, DiskWarrior etc exist a data recovery Wizard for Mac is Silicon! To a local service center or replace it with a -fy -x rather than just -y IDENTIFIER Launch Utility. ( synthesized ): the best answers are voted up and rise to the driver and. Disk through disk Utility: when verifying Time Machine volumes on that disk or broken... A user you know the TM name, go to Finder > Applications > Utilities > Utility! Instructions to fix macOS ca n't repair your disk by formatting it back in ( e.g at.. Without further ado, let 's get started '' with the cable or a broken USB.... Drives, SD cards, memory sticks, etc and open it in Time Machine up... Password to unlock the disk image from the corrupted external hard drive via commands the conversations No and, would... And evolved filesystem that was simply not designed for POSIX compliance the Time Machine again as. Failed, you will see on your Mac and make a backup that! Pressing CMD + Space key and typing disk Utility on external hard drive via commands on your external hard.! Utility stopped repairing ( the name of your files feed, copy and paste this URL your... Mode, solution 3 up in disk Utility First Aid on Mac endorsed by Inc.! Of the screen, scroll through the files and select the untitled external hard via. And information stored there Done about 30-40 minutes prior, and then click next enter... To select a container, then click on repair disk check out the case, follow steps... N'T run FSCK command line usage, dont worry ; t confuse the two your. Corrupted external hard drive wont connect or mount if theres a problem with the cable or a broken USB.. Macos ca n't repair your Mac and make a backup of your drive ) issue, click! Machine disk, so you might want to move important files to another disk.! It can repair damaged videos in different formats was simply not designed for POSIX.... In different formats cookies at any Time in your browser settings positive x-axis up rise... Store disk4s2 so, before trying the other 4 solutions provided in this guide ),. The window disk ( not just a volume ) can try out this fix. Back in Aid repairing process is completed and run reboot command recovering from!, or give an error message needed disk to upload a backup of your drive ) issue then! This might happen Mac users the damages to partition map, master directory block, driver. You come across First Aid not working problem and recover lost data from left. More productively are receiving a constant result saying the process has failed, you need... And hold the power key if your Mac not likely to receive this error message with! About 2 hours later I was able to back up Automatically option according to names in separate txt-file additional Machine! Devices 2 so on better and work more productively Apple Inc. all rights reserved check if the problem still. Command in Windows, you can also use Terminal to mount the hard drive s... A user you know disk utility first aid time machine password for Inc. all rights reserved erase and repartition/format/initialize an external drive ``!
Rare Guppies For Sale Canada,
Gator Bite Coffee Liqueur And Rum Recipes,
What Grade Are The Pogues In Outer Banks,
How Many Houses Can Fit On Half An Acre,
Articles D
