Pp. Proceedings. 11 pgs. Fifth. Report No. Evaluation of Self-Contained Anthropomorphic Dummy Data Acquisition System. Wales, Elspeth. The paper provides information on data collection and findings in the NHTSA-sponsored air bag crash investigations, updating and expanding findings from the 17th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles paper Air Bag Crash Investigations by Chidester and Roston [Ref. Proceedings of the 17thInternational Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Jan. 20, 2003. Volume I. Washington, DC., NHTSA, 1998. In this section we discuss some of the most common datasets that are used in CDR reports. The recorder was originally designed for environmental measurement of packaging/handling shock, drop, and vibration. Washington, D.C. 20590, Twitter Maryland Takes a New Look at Highway Accident Reporting. Historically, crash data recording technology in light-duty vehicles has developed and evolved based on differing technical needs of manufacturers and their customers without industry standards or government regulation. Report No. Automatic Crash Notification (ACN) is the next major advancement in auto safety. RRL Report 9. WebBesides storing data useful for troubleshooting, there is a system to that record data in a crash or a near car crash event. The technology has evolved and now collects as many as 30 data points, said Brian Everest, Hot Legal Issues and Prominent Figures Featured at ABA Annual Meeting in San Francisco. News Release. One of the techniques employed by technical committees in support of this function is the identification of problems, and the development and dissemination of research problem statements. (Source: NHTSA, May 5, 1999, National Transportation Safety Board Symposium on Recorders) Advanced Recorder Design and Development. Fords New Taurus and Sable;The Safety Network; pp. The paper will also discuss the methods being used to capture and describe the contributing factors and the events that led up to each crash, as well as illustrate the added value of collecting data on-scene, immediately after the crash. On three occasions, the NHTSA has published documents in theFederal Registeraddressing particular questions about its role with respect to EDRs. Report No. Report No. Pp. 11, No. Design and Implementation of a System to Record Driver Lateral Positioning. Event Data Recorders (EDR) are devices installed in motor vehicles to record technical vehicle and occupant information for a brief period before, during, and after a triggering event, typically a crash or near-crash event. Get a no-obligation offer for your car in minutes. Oct 4, 1975, pp. UMTRI-52996. The main purpose of an EDR is to record, in certain crash or near crash-like situations, such as an air bag deployment or hitting a road obstacle, data that will assist in understanding how a vehicles systems performed. 0000005752 00000 n 7, July 1976, pp. The feasibility of identifying speeding-related and fatigue-related crashes in police-reported mass crash data. The system detects crashes in all directions and stores the acceleration time history experienced. 187-195. Yurchevski, A. 9, No. 44 p. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice, No. Meanwhile, electronic privacy advocates worry about a related car-data security issue: that a car's diagnostic port, through which black box data streams, isn't secure enough to withstand hacking, and therefore poses a danger. Revised. Uwe, Bergisch Gladbach Bundesanstalt Fursstrassenwesen, and Berichte Der Bundesanstalt Fur Strassenwesen. UMTRI-35857. Kawasaki EDR (Event Data Recorder) or "Black Box" data has been implemented in Kawasaki motorcycles starting in 2013 with the Ninja 300 and the ZX-6R. Munich, Germany, 2002. The Potential Use of Optical Videodiscs in Automotive Navigational Systems: a Prototype System. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001. Shirk, B. I. Suitable, derived acceleration time histories should be based on a particular vehicles response in a staged full-scale crash test. Advanced Recorder Design Development. This version of the recommended practice is limited in application to vehicular data recorded in single frontal-impact events. Daimler-Benz AG, Germany. 44-49. McKinnon, Julie. The agency said the auto industry is already moving in that direction. 42nd. Final report. Trenka, A. R. 1973. UMTRI-32144. Bus Priority System Studies. It focuses on low-cost in-vehicle electronic systems for recording data related to vehicle and its communications to other systems and databases. 180193. 79, ISSN: 07397100. Proactive Use of Highway Recorded Data Via an Event Data Recorder (EDR) to Achieve Nationwide Seat Belt Usage in the 90th Percentile by 2002Thomas M. Kowalick, 12. 167 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Standards Requirements Document. Colloquium on Monitoring of Driver and Vehicle PerformanceDigest (Institution of Electrical Engineers) ; No1997, no. Further, NHTSA believes this area presents some issues that are, at least for the present time, best addressed in a non-regulatory context. It is intended for use by those developing tools for the purpose of Event Data Set extraction. The Volvo Digital Accident research Recorder (DARR) Converting Accident DARR-Pulses into Different Impact Severity Measures. Photologging. (18th ESV Paper). Engineering Joins in the Push for Automotive Black Boxes. Electronic Engineering Times April 22, 2002. Measuring Driver Performance: Instrumentation, Software, and Application. UMTRI-74960. Digitale Messdatenaufnahme und -verarbeitung bei Fussgaenger - Fahrzeug-Unfallexperimenten; Digital Data Collection and Processing in Pedestrian/Vehicle Accident Experiments. Teledyne Geotech, Garland, TX. Apr 19, 2018 #4 H huntergreen Senior Member Military Joined Jan 5, 2011 Posts 11,410 Reaction score 23,883 Ram Year 2016 Engine hemi 5.7 Is Trial of Student Charged in Students Death Postponed. The Clarion Ledger. Paper Number 412, 7 pgs. UMTRI-02854. For collision reconstructionists, it is critical to know if an involved motorcycle is equipped with such a device. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah/ Minicars, Inc., Goleta, CA. 98-S1-O-06. Telecommunications, automotive, and location technologies are converging to quickly and automatically notify emergency responders as soon as a vehicle is in a serious collision. A New F.M. K-76-28U(R)/ DOT/ HS 801 907. FY 2003Performance Plan. SAE 910656. Phen, R.L.,et al. 27 p. Sponsor: Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, DC. ABSTRACT: The purpose of MMUCC is to provide a minimum, standardized data set for describing crashes of motor vehicles that will generate the information necessary to improve highway safety within each state and nationally. Indiana State Police Department, Indianapolis, IN. A staged crash test includes instrumentation in order to measure acceleration time histories, force time histories and other engineering parameters. With so much happening and so much at stake, drivers should be aware of what black boxes can do, what they can't do and the privacy issues they raise. 1. Assembly, Inspection and Pre-Calibration. Carra, J.S. 111 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. 1976. The location of the vehicle module varies, but it can usually be found underneath the carpet of the drivers r front passenger seat, or mounted to the frame somewhere in the centre console. ; Siegmund, G.P. For this purpose, a study would monitor whether using this feedback mechanism would result in fewer and/or less severe road traffic accidents in actual everyday experience. Crash Pulse Recorder in Rear Impacts -- Real Life Data. ABSTRACT: Event Data Recorders (EDRs) are devices that record information related to highway vehicle crash. 1998, Federal Register, 63 FR 60222270 (Nov. 9, 1998)available athttps://www.govinfo.gov/ 2000. [2]. SAE 962522. Specifically, this report discusses (1) the development of an expanded EDR dataset based on data retrieved from NASS/CDS 2005, SCI, and CIREN in-depth crash investigations, (2) the validation of the accuracy of EDRs in full-scale crash tests, and (3) the feasibility of using EDRs to monitor the performance of advanced air bag restraints in real-world crashes The degree of benefit from EDRs is directly related to the number of vehicles operating with an EDR and the current infrastructure's ability to use and assimilate this data. Sewell, R. 1972. 1981. Croydon, Automotive Automation Ltd., 1994. 19 p. Sponsor: Trygg-Hansa Insurance Company, Sweden; Swedish Transport Research Delegation. The main purpose of an EDR is to record, in certain crash or near crash-like situations, such as an air bag deployment or hitting a road obstacle, data that will assist in understanding how a vehicle s systems performed. Garthe, E. A.; Mango, N. K. 2001. Lundstrom, L. C. 1972. On-Board Computer Testing. Hackbarth, E. W. 1972. Deploying the airbags is not a requirement to make the recorder lock the data. UMTRI-53122 Acceleration Pulses and Crash Severity in Low Velocity Rear Impacts Real World Data and Barrier Tests. Building a Black Box. Fleet Owner, June 1, 2002. The data that is recorded and that can be read out and analyzed differs depending on the type of EDR that is installed in a particular vehicle and when the vehicle was manufactured. Operation and Maintenance of the Fischer and Porter Punched-Tape Counter. Backaitis, S. H.; Trout, E. M.; Wolf, R. J. 1966. This tech brief summarizes an FHWA research project initiated in response to this petition; the final report of the study is now available from the National Technical Information Service. Motor Vehicle Collision Investigation Symposium. Sponsor: Maryland State Highway Administration, Brooklandville; West Virginia Department of Highways, Charleston. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in April of the same year recommended that NHTSA "study the feasibility of installing and obtaining crash data for safety analyses from crash recorders on vehicles.". Proceedings of the 17thInternational Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 3 p. Popular Science, Vol. Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. The study examined the desirability, utility, design and cost of crash recorders and of the alternative approaches to gathering collision data, including computer crash simulation, controlled laboratory crashes and their correlation with observed vehicle deformations, and methods to improve the accuracy of accident crash files. endstream endobj 1421 0 obj<>/W[1 1 1]/Type/XRef/Index[71 1331]>>stream Many photos of the crash site, the vehicles and the damage they sustained are included. UMTRI-01877. Oct. 15, 2002.p. 2002. FULL DOCUMENT, SAMOVAR - Safety Assessment Monitoring On-Vehicle with Automatic Recording. ABSTRACT: This 20 page document is a paper on the needs for improving safety in automobiles by increasing safety belt use, on the reasons behind using safety belts, on promoting emerging technologies to improve safety belt use. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)International Symposium on Transportation Recorders. Warrendale, SAE, 1998. 10 p. Highway Research Board Bulletin, 142, 1956, pp. Fundamental Consideration on the Generation of Data for the Relation Between Vehicle Handling and Accident Avoidance with the Aid of Drive Recorders. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. 1, Oct 1973, pp. Crash pulses from the same vehicle models from different generations in real-world collisions producing a similar change of velocity were also analyzed. SAE 810809. Volume II. General Motors Corporation, Proving Ground Section, Milford, MI. The Global Event Data Recorder market is anticipated to rise at a considerable rate during the forecast period, between 2023 and 2028. 59-68. UMTRI-46006. Volume I. Washington, DC., NHTSA, 1993. Seventh. Traffic accident analysis consultant Harris Technical Services maintains a list of car makes and models from 1994-2014 with event data recorders. 121 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. by Marco P. daSilva, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (VRTC), Cambridge, MA., April 2008, DOT HS 810 935 Analysis of Event Data Recorder Data for Vehicle Safety Improvement As of July 2014, however, no further action had been taken. The record of this second Working Group is in Docket NHTSA-2000-7699. Project scope:Motor Vehicle Event Data Recorders (MVEDRs) collect, record, store and export data related to motor vehicle pre-defined events. Crash Pulse Recorder (CPR) - Development and Evaluation of a Low Cost Device for Measuring Crash Pulse and Delta-V.Folksam Research and Development, Stockholm, Sweden/ Chalmers Tekniska Hoegskola, Goeteborg, Sweden. Manufacturers have been voluntarily installing EDRs as standard equipment in increasingly larger numbers of light vehicles in recent years. Ryder, M. O., Jr. 1974. Stillman, I. L. 1965. Berlin Technische Universitaet, Institut fuer Landverkehrsmittel, Germany FR. 7 p. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. FULL DOCUMENT, The Contribution of On Board Recording Systems to Road Safety and Accident Analysis, ABSTRACT: This paper presents onboard computer systems (black boxes), that, contribute to road safety by helping to reduce the number of accidents. Utah University, Intermountain Injury Control Research Center, Salt Lake City/ Utah University, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Salt Lake City. Safety Report. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Sixteenth. UMTRI-63064 UMTRI-06241. To purchase this standard, or for pricing and availability go tohttp://shop.ieee.org/ieeestoreand type in the standard number. Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn./ Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Mo./ North Carolina State University, Raleigh. The continuing implementation of MVEDR systems provides an opportunity to voluntarily standardize data output and retrieval protocols to facilitate analysis and promote compatibility of MVEDR data. Other parties that want a black box's car crash data can include police and other law enforcement agencies that are investigating an accident, insurance companies looking into a claim, lawyers representing parties in car-crash lawsuits and accident reconstruction consultants working for any of the above. "Skunk in the Trunk? NHTSA-2000-7699-6) Panik, F. 1988. SAE-2000-01-0466. Pp. Salomonsson, O.; Koch, M. 1991. Automotive Tape Recorder. SAE, New York, 1974. 14th Proceedings, Volume 1. WebAn Event Data Recorder (EDR) is a function or device installed in a motor vehicle to record technical vehicle and occupant information for a brief period of time (seconds, not minutes) before, during and after a crash for the purpose of monitoring and assessing vehicle safety system performance. Norin, H.; Koch, M.; Magnusson, H. 1994. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Folksam Research, Stockholm ( Sweden) 12 p. International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts. 1979. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, May 1922, 2003 at Nagoya, Japan. July 17, 2002. p.E.2. If you've bought a new car in the past half-dozen years, there's a good chance it has a "black box" that activates if you brake suddenly, swerve off the road or hit something hard enough to make the airbags deploy. The focus of the paper will be to provide information on specific findings from the event data recorder compared to the physical evidence and computer reconstruction models. The reconstruction computer program has a number of limitations. Paper Number 71, 5 pages. April 4, 1974, pp. Golob, T. F. and Regan, A. C. Trucking Industry Adoption of Information Technology: a Multivariate Discrete Choice Model. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. Specific data collection programs previously proposed to Congress by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration were studied and evaluated. Kidd, E. A. Monash University, Accident Research Centre, Clayton, Victoria (Australia) 76 p. Sponsor: Australian Department of Justice; Royal Automobile Club of Victoria, Melbourne (Australia); Roads Corporation, Victoria (Australia); Transport Accident Commission, Melbourne, Victoria (Australia) Report No. Report No. Institute of Traffic Engineers, Washington, DC. Behind the Wheel ; A Key Witness at Crash Scenes : the Black Box ; Helping their Investigators Reconstruct Accidents, Data Recorders are not just for Jets Anymore. Los Angeles Times June 24, 2003. p. B.2. ", The agency received a third petition asking it to require the installation of EDRs in new motor vehicles. Klaber, K. 1981. Specialty equipment and software is commercially available allowing you to connect to the vehicle in question and retrieve the crash data. Greenshields, B. D.; Platt, F. N. (1964)Objective Measurements of Driver Behavior: the Objective Evaluation of Traffic Stream Flow by B. D. Greenshields, Objective measurements of individual driver behavior by F. N. Platt.University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute/ Ford Motor Company, Traffic Safety and Highway Improvement Department. GM and lawyers representing other plaintiffs in lawsuits related to defective parts also are looking to get black box data to help prove their cases, according to news reports. Report No. Larsson, L. E.; Rumar, K. 1974. Getting Black Box Data 16 p. Gurdjian, E. S., Lange, W. A., Patrick, L. M., Thomas, L. M., eds., comps., Impact Injury and Crash Protection, Charles C. Thomas, 1970, pp. EDRs have the potential to capture a large number of crash-related and other data elements for a wide range of users with different data needs. Wright, P. G. 1998. Automotive Collision Avoidance Field Operational Test Warning Cue Implementation. Holmstrom, F. R.; Hopkins, J. Report No. Part 2: An Instrumentation System for Vehicle Lateral Stability Measurements. 3]. Chidester, A.C.D. McCasland, W. R.; Drew, D. R.; Wattleworth, J. 1404 0 obj<>stream Real Time InformationSources and Applications. California State Department of Motor Vehicles, Division of Administration, Research and Statistics Section. Report No. UMTRI-35566. What you need Adjustable Wrench Razor Blade Carpet Cutter Crowbar Permanent Marker Process First, locate the module. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Operating Systems Research, Washington, DC. 8-9. Automobile Collision Data - An Assessment of Needs and Methods of Assessment, OTA - February 1975, ABSTRACT: At the request of the House Appropriations Committee, the Office of Technology Assessment, through contract OTA-C1l, engaged Economics & Science Planning, Inc. in 1975, to undertake a study of the need for and means to assemble detailed data on actual automobile collisions so as to develop realistic automobile design standards. Winkler, C. B.; Campbell, J. D.; Hagan, M. R. 1984. When an accident occurs, the device automatically saves up to 5 seconds of data from immediately before, during and after an incident. The third recommendation, when fully implemented will generate about $100 million per year for State highway safety efforts. Smiths Industries Flight Data/Cockpit Voice RecordersJeffrey L. Brooks, 2. ; Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee. Clark, D. E. and Cushing, B. M. Predicted Effect of Automatic Crash Notification on Traffic Mortality. The second type is a deployment event. The matrix is useful in tracing the evolution of the technologies. Report No. 13th Proceedings. FULL DOCUMENT, Proactive Use of Highway Recorded Data via an Event Data Recorder (EDR) to Achieve Nationwide Seat Belt Usage in the 90th Percentile by 2002. NHTSA Notice of Proposed Rulemaking - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards - Event Data Recorders - Document NHTSA-2004-18029-2 06/14/04. Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Tingvall, C. 1998. For instance, EDRs may record (1) pre-crash vehicle dynamics and system status, (2) driver inputs, (3) vehicle crash signature, (4) restraint usage/deployment status, and (5) post-crash data such as the activation of an automatic collision notification (ACN) system. Trenka, A. R. 1973. Daimler-Benz, AG, Stuttgart, Germany FR. 15 pgs. Aug 4, 2003. Links between impact severity and injury outcome are important and could be used in order to achieve such tolerance limits. Devices in the highway mode are commonly called event data recorders. za It also provides insight on this emerging technology from the perspective of a panel of experts from government, industry and advocates. 13 p. American Society of Civil Engineers. Instrumentation for Measuring Pavement-Vehicle Interaction. Crash Recorder for Safety System Studies and as a Consumer's Product. 1256-1262. One of those suits was brought by a lawyer for the family of Ben Hair, a 20-year-old Eagle Scout from Virginia who died in a 2009 crash in a GM vehicle with an ignition switch that's part of the recall. Gillespie, T. D. 1965. Pages: 7279. FULL DOCUMENT, Recording Automotive Crash Event Data - Presentation No.5, ABSTRACT: This 32 slide PowerPoint presentation, presented at the National Transportation Safety Board Symposium on Recorders on May 5th, 1999, discusses the need for collecting real-world crash data in order to improve safety. It follows that since drivers own their cars or trucks, they own data the vehicles generate, including black box data. Pp. Sixteenth. 1973. (Contacts: Ron Knipling, HCS-30, (202)-366-2981; Neill Thomas, HCS-10, (202)-366-4009). A NHTSA spokeswoman declined to comment on the delay. 1981. The Contribution of Onboard Recording Systems to Road Safety and Accident AnalysisDr. Gerhard Lehmann, Tony Reynolds, 13. ISBN:1-58113-474-6. UMTRI-12268 A08. 268, No. Sherwin, J. R.; Kerr, J. D. 1979. UMTRI-50779. Risk-Benefit Analysis Methods for Vehicle Safety Devices. Digital and Analog Filters for Processing Impact Test Data. HTn0+ $A4E+^h!I]A,3Y1CAqMzz3+6W2AIQhUd Yq=,JR(%TVkqV">RB)e#+4O4T70n_~p.i`~o5hzuVyDIL@}yCDt=s(iYhm&%\1Om!QLeUG1Gjv|{!fGXueD#C51*0GUKNz]VV1B9MqAtr^!9N|\@7]6_QQRJ 6/+RUG\/`KBWDbOn4qh}LpcL_ |LZV5vv. Conference Title:National Traffic Data Acquisition Technologies Conference: Austin, Texas. I've got one in the company truck right now, can never be too paranoid about how your employees treat the vehicle. July 12, 2003. 433-435. Volume II: Digalog Systems Operation and Maintenance Manual, Data Acquisition System, model DLI 203. Quality Criterial for Crashworthiness Assessment from Real-World Crashes. Nossett, J. D.; Burlison, J. R. 1966. B.; Case, R. P.; Klarer, P. R.; Campbell, K. L.; Blower, D. 1997. Ueyama, M.; Ogawa, S.; Chikasue, H.; Muramatu, K. 1998. NAFA Fleet Executive. Final report. M. June, 1999. FULL DOCUMENT. As a result, only about 38 percent of the NASS cases have reported DV. Around the World in Two and a Half Days: Lessons from the UK Proceedings(2000). WebThis vehicle is equipped with an event data recorder (EDR). Dunham, T. D.; Scheidt, D. C. 1973. The SRS airbag sensor assembly contains the EDR. Report No. 36, No. 6 p. Garrett, J. W., ed. ; Iliadis, K.A. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia Department of Transport and Regional Services, 2002. To realize the practical use of drive-recorders in automobiles, a fleet test was conducted on 202 cars and trucks in regular use on roads. Report No. Report No. Fraser. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001. 1996, Korner, J. VDO Kienzle GmbH, Villingen-Schwenningen (Germany) 4 p. International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Advanced Air Bag Technology Assessment; JPL Publication 98-3; April 1998. Aug. 5, 2002. During the fleet test period a total of 30 actual accidents occurred and were recorded, enabling the significance of adding a video recording unit to drive-recorders for obtaining useful data for accident analysis to be examined. Final report. Ydenius, A. TE2, May 1975, pp. 3 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Proceedings. Automatic crash notification (ACN) systems integrate the on-board crash sensing and EDR technology with other electronic systems, such as global positioning systems and cellular telephones, to provide early notification of the occurrence, nature, and location of a serious collision. Purdue University, Lafayette, IN. Simple Apparatus for Accumulating Vehicle Operation Data. Volume 4. "The average driver knows very little about what their car is collecting and the battle that's being fought over their location and their data," says Nate Cardozo, a staff attorney on the digital liberties team at the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Push for Automotive Black Boxes A. TE2, May 5, 1999, National Transportation Safety Board NTSB. Troubleshooting, there is a System to that record data in a crash. D. C. 1973 of Transportation, Tallahassee real-world collisions producing a similar change of Velocity were also analyzed 1998! Crash Pulse Recorder in Rear Impacts Real World data and Barrier Tests and. ; Burlison, J. R. ; Campbell, K. 1998 Wolf, R. J there is a System record..., DC into Different Impact Severity and injury outcome are important and could be used in reports... Minicars, Inc., Goleta, CA Nov. 9, 1998 ) available athttps //www.govinfo.gov/... Maintains a list of car makes and models from Different generations in real-world collisions producing a change! Increasingly larger numbers of light vehicles in recent years, 2. ; Florida Department Transport! Kerr, J. D. 1979, it is critical to know if an motorcycle... And retrieve the crash data ; Tingvall, C. 1998 N. K. 2001 in Navigational! Regan, A. TE2, May 1975, pp obj < > stream Real time and! At a considerable rate during the forecast period, between 2023 and 2028 0 obj < stream..., 63 FR 60222270 ( Nov. 9, 1998 ) available athttps: //www.govinfo.gov/ 2000 agency received third! 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Predicted Effect of Automatic crash Notification on Traffic Mortality E. M. ; Magnusson, ;.: an Instrumentation System for vehicle Lateral Stability Measurements car makes and models 1994-2014. Takes a New Look at Highway Accident Reporting a particular vehicles response in a crash a.
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