Footprints in the Moondust are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. The job placement activities went well, but the attempts to elicit outside interest in Plum Brook failed. Others are looking for the missing telemetry tapes for different reasons. Some facilities have already been penciled in for demolition, including the Cryogenic Components Laboratory. As of September2021[update], four of the twelve Apollo astronauts who landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972 are still alive, including Buzz Aldrin. For much of the early stages of the Space Race, the USSR was ahead of the United States, yet in the end, the USSR was never able to fly a crewed spacecraft to the Moon, let alone land one on the surface. 3. [54] Conspiracists contend that NASA chose not to put the stars into the photos because astronomers would have been able to use them to determine whether the photos were taken from the Earth or the Moon, by means of identifying them and comparing their celestial position and parallax to what would be expected for either observation site. The Lunar Modules made no blast craters or any sign of dust scatter.[98]. Moon landing conspiracy theoriesclaim that some or all elements of the Apollo programand the associated Moon landingswere hoaxesstaged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. [162] A three-dimensional reconstructed photo also matched the terrain of an Apollo 15 photo taken from the surface. Dgh writes: "The mass media catapult these half-truths into a kind of twilight zone where people can make their guesses sound as truths. claimed NASA faked the first landing in 1969 to win the Space Race. By the late 1970s, NASA decided to continue the maintenance of the reactor, Space Power Facility (SPF), Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility (B2), Cryogenic Propellant Tank Facility (K Site), and the Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (HTF), but ceased protecting the other Rocket Systems Area sites. Activities at the reactor were terminated immediately, and the other facilities would shut down by fiscal year 1974. Its walls are 2 feet thick to withstand the blast of powerful . Rep. Kaptur introduced the legislation on a bipartisan basis alongside Rep. Anthony Gonzalez (R-OH). In 2013, SpaceX tested the 5.2-meter fairing for its Falcon 9 rocket there. The Apollo 16 crew could not have survived a big solar flare firing out when they were on their way to the Moon. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. It parodies conspiracy theories with faked interviews, stories of assassinations of Stanley Kubrick's assistants by the CIA, and a variety of conspicuous mistakes, puns, and references to old movie characters, inserted through the film as clues for the viewer. The leading candidate at this point, the IG wrote, is NASAs Space Launch System. Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. The mockumentary based on this idea, Dark Side of the Moon, could have fueled the conspiracy theory. Later Apollo missions did not use SSTV. No evidence was offered for this theory, which overlooks many facts. In even worse shape is Plum Brooks Combined Effects Chamber, which was designed for large-scale experiments with liquid hydrogen, but never used. In 1985 the Office of Management and Budget recommended that NASA relinquish control of Plum Brook Station. Those who believe the Moon landings were faked offer several theories about the motives of NASA and the United States government. For example, 2001 was released before the first Apollo landing and Kubrick's depiction of the Moon's surface differs greatly from its appearance in the Apollo footage. "[25], In fact, the Soviets had been sending uncrewed spacecraft to the Moon since 1959,[26] and "during 1962, deep space tracking facilities were introduced at IP-15 in Ussuriisk and IP-16 in Evpatoria (Crimean Peninsula), while Saturn communication stations were added to IP-3, 4 and 14,"[27] the latter having a 100millionkm (62millionmi) range. The reactor and Rocket Systems Area remained shuttered. 6. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 11 astronauts also stated in post-mission press conferences that they did not remember seeing any stars during extravehicular activity (EVA). NASA Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station 3899 E. Scheid Road Sandusky, Ohio 44870 Prepared by: Leidos 1750 Presidents Street Reston, Virginia 20190 September 2020 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK FINAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT PLAN FOR CERCLA ACTIVITIES NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PLUM BROOK STATION SANDUSKY, OHIO Only Plum Brooks Space Power Facility, a cavernous vacuum chamber for testing full-scale space hardware, has a steady stream of customers lined up, according to the inspector general. Any other potential visits would have to be arranged by contacting Glenn Research Center or Plum Brook directly. On this page: Acoustics Facilities Combustion Facilities Components Facilities A street in front of NASA's D.C. headquarters has been named in honor of the Black women who were essential to early spaceflight. 3. [46][47] To date, nobody from the United States government or NASA linked to the Apollo program has said the Moon landings were hoaxes. [180] Lick Observatory attempted to detect from Apollo 11's retroreflector while Armstrong and Aldrin were still on the Moon but did not succeed until August 1, 1969. Some staff members found new positions at Lewis, but hundreds of others were soon out of work. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). Offer subject to change without notice. The Daily Telegraph published a story in 2002 saying that European astronomers at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) would use it to view the landing sites. Moreover, the USSR did not develop a successful rocket capable of a crewed lunar mission until the 1980s their N1 rocket failed on all four launch attempts between 1969 and 1972. By 1977 the Hare Krishna magazine Back to Godhead called the landings a hoax, claiming that, since the Sun is 150millionkm (93millionmi) away, and "according to Hindu mythology the Moon is 800,000 miles [1,300,000km] farther away than that", the Moon would be nearly 151millionkm (94millionmi) away; to travel that span in 91 hours would require a speed of more than a million miles per hour, "a patently impossible feat even by the scientists' calculations. [151] Oberg said that he meant to finish the book. This would have allowed for only a small number of people to actually know the truth about faking the Moon landings.[49]. [c] Hundreds of thousands of people including astronauts, scientists, engineers, technicians, and skilled laborers would have had to keep the secret. Two of these a wind tunnel called the Hypersonic Test Facility, and the Cryogenic Components Laboratory, which is now slated for demolition have not been used in four years, the IG wrote. Kubrick also used some 50mm f/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by Zeiss for NASA. Analyses by scientists worldwide all agree that these rocks came from the Moon no published accounts in peer-reviewed scientific journals exist that dispute this claim. The tapes are believed to have been stored rather than re-used. NASA's Glenn Research Center's world-class facilities and expert staff help develop and verify cutting-edge technologies in the areas of aeronautics, aerospace and space. Plum Brook Station, however, continues to support NASA and industry with its four large test facilities today. These beautiful wineries were at the center of Lake Erie's "grape belt" back when the Midwest dominated American wine production. Typical delays in communication were about 0.5 seconds. About fifteen minutes of it were filmed by an amateur 8 mm film camera and these are also available. The Apollo Guidance Computer was on the Lunar Module and the command and service module. In this image, the Earth is lit by moonlight, not sunlight. This eliminated the near-term need for a nuclear rocket. Better signal was supposedly received at Parkes Observatory when the Moon was on the opposite side of the planet. [125], Grumman appears to have destroyed most of its LM documentation,[116][126] but copies of the blueprints for the Saturn V exist on microfilm.[127]. NASA's Nuclear Frontier: The Plum Brook Reactor Facility, 1941-2002 In 1953, President Eisenhower delivered a speech called "Atoms for Peace" to the United Nations General Assembly. [184] A 1999 Gallup Poll found that 6% of the Americans surveyed doubted that the Moon landings happened and that 5% of those surveyed had no opinion,[185][186][187][188] which roughly matches the findings of a similar 1995 Time/CNN poll. [159] "Given SMART-1's initial high orbit, however, it may prove difficult to see artifacts," said Foing in an interview on space.com. 1. You should see the reCAPTCHA field below. [143] It has been claimed that when 2001 was in post-production in early 1968, NASA secretly approached Kubrick to direct the first three Moon landings. Conspiracists often use this evidence to suggest that objects were "pasted" over the photographs, and hence obscure the reticle. ", "Clavius: Bibliography una ronald and the coke bottle", "Clavius: Photo Analysis buzz's hot spot", "A Detailed Look at the Camera Gear Behind the Historical Apollo 11 Moon Landing", "How NASA Broadcast Neil Armstrong Live from the Moon", "Clavius: Environment radiation and the van allen belts", "Van Allen Probes Discover a New Radiation Belt", "Radiation Protection and Instrumentation", "Phenomenology of soil erosion due to rocket exhaust on the Moon and the Mauna Kea lunar test site", "Clavius: Bibliography cosmic dave's 32 questions", "Clavius: Bibliography the Collier article", "One giant blunder for mankind: how NASA lost moon pictures", "The Search for the Apollo 11 SSTV Tapes", "The GSFC Scientific Data Storage Problem", "The Apollo 11 Telemetry Data Recordings: A Final Report", "NASA lost moon footage, but Hollywood restores it", "Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Video Streams", "Clavius: Technology beating the Soviets", "Women in Space Part One, Female Firsts in Flight for Space Exploration and Research", "Xerox commercial from 1972 shows the computer as your personal assistant", "Your smartphone is millions of times more powerful that all of NASA's combined computing in 1969", "What It's Like to Be a Moon Landing Conspiracist in 2019", "Comments on the Fox special on the Hoax", "NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-1 Baron Report", "Did U.S. Astronauts Really Land on the Moon", "Clavius: Bibliography the Kubrick article", "How Stanley Kubrick Faked the Apollo Moon Landings", "Faked Moon Landings and Kubrick's 'The Shining', "Moon Landings 'Fake': Shock video shows 'Stanley Kubrick' admit historic event was 'HOAX', "Apollo 15 Landing Site Spotted in Images", "Can we see Apollo hardware on the Moon? "[171] NASA continues to send teams to work in Antarctica to mimic the conditions on other planets. Engineers inspect the inlet of a prototype Hypersonic Research Engine scramjet prior to a test run in Hypersonic Tunnel Facility. We hypothesized that (a) endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy theories is positively associated with support for VR, and (b) psychological distress modifies the relationship between COVID-19 conspiracy theories and support for VR. The most notable claim is that the six crewed landings (1969-1972)were faked and that twelve Apollo astronautsdid not actually walk on the Moon. The many allegations in Kaysing's book effectively began discussion of the Moon landings being faked. They called on NASA to restore the test facilities at Plum Brook and resume operation. Get top stories, military space news and more delivered to your inbox. In December 2015, a video surfaced which allegedly shows Kubrick being interviewed shortly before his 1999 death; the video purportedly shows the director confessing to T. Patrick Murray that the Apollo Moon landings had been faked. By the time of Apollo 11, the United States had a lead much wider than that. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you . NASA officials were happy to get the business and hope it will be. + More NASA Facts. It spotted traces of the Apollo landings. The Apollo 15 retroreflector was deployed on July 31, 1971, and was detected by McDonald Observatory within a few days. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. A multiagency commission, however, reviewed the assessment and came to a different conclusion. Baron and his family were killed as their car was struck by a train at a train crossing. Only about 30kg (66lb) of lunar meteorites have been found on Earth thus far, despite private collectors and governmental agencies worldwide searching for more than 20 years.[174]. The fairing is an essential piece of hardware for the Hawthorne, California, companys commercial satellite launches. It is now accepted by the scientific community that rocks have been blasted from both the Martian and lunar surface during impact events, and that some of these have landed on the Earth as meteorites. By May 1974 the staff had mothballed all of the Rocket Systems Area sites. While the Apollo missions gathered 380kg (840lb) of Moon rocks, the Soviet Luna 16, Luna 20 and Luna 24 robots gathered only 326g (11.5oz) combined (that is, less than one-thousandth as much). The alleged Moon landings used either a sound stage or were filmed outside in a remote desert with the astronauts either using harnesses or slow-motion photography to make it look like they were on the Moon. In the 1970s the center expanded the scope of its work into new areas, such as renewable energy sources. Kubrick did hire Frederick Ordway and Harry Lange, both of whom had worked for NASA and major aerospace contractors, to work with him on 2001. 7. This would have been an intolerable embarrassment to Mr. Kubrick, especially since the release of Dr. Strangelove. [183], In a 1994 poll by The Washington Post, 9% of the respondents said that it was possible that astronauts did not go to the Moon and another 5% were unsure. [120], In July 2009, NASA indicated that it must have erased the original Apollo 11 Moon footage years ago so that it could re-use the tape. [28] The Soviet Union tracked the Apollo missions at the Space Transmissions Corps, which was "fully equipped with the latest intelligence-gathering and surveillance equipment. Lowry Digital president Mike Inchalik said that, "this is by far and away the lowest quality" video the company has dealt with. Baron was a quality control inspector who wrote a report critical of the Apollo program and was an outspoken critic of NASA's safety record after the Apollo 1 fire. [30], Also, there was nothing "abrupt" about the Apollo cancellations, which were made for cost-cutting reasons. Termination of Plum Brook Activities (1973), Bruce Lundin Talk to Plum Brook Staff (1974), Capabilities and Facilities of Plum Brook (c1970), Potential Use of Plum Brook Facilities (1973), NASA Ohio Preservation Office Agreement (2012). For technical reasons, the Apollo 11 lander carried a slow-scan television (SSTV) camera (see Apollo TV camera). Plum Brook is situated on 6,400 acres in Sandusky and is home to some of the world's most powerful space simulation chambers that support the Artemis mission to return to the moon, making this. WASHINGTON All but one of the five big test facilities at NASAs Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, have few or no customers, and the situation is unlikely to change any time soon, according to an April 23 report from NASAs inspector general (IG). In December 2009 NASA issued a final report on the Apollo 11 telemetry tapes. [137] Conspiracy theorists claim that the computers during the time of the Moon landings would not have been advanced enough to allow for human space travel to the Moon and back;[138] they similarly claim that other contemporary technology (radio transmission, radar, and other instrumentation) was likewise insufficient for the task.[139]. [44] They show that NASA's portrayal of the Moon landing is fundamentally accurate, allowing for such common mistakes as mislabeled photos and imperfect personal recollections. In addition, safety officials considered several sites to be hazards. The Gas Handling Area was removed in March 2010, followed by the High Energy Rocket Engine Research Facility (B1) and Nuclear Rocket Dynamics and Control Facility (B3) facilities in fall 2010. [199], In 2019, Ipsos conducted a study for C-Span to assess the level of belief that the 1969 Moon landing was faked. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [140][141] All of the deaths occurred at least 20 months before Apollo 11 and subsequent flights. This suggests that it was filmed on Earth and a breeze caused the flag to flutter. In 2007 the Cryogenic Components Laboratory replaced K Site. Conspiracists argue that Marshall Space Flight Center Director Wernher von Braun's trip to Antarctica in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather lunar meteorites to be used as fake Moon rocks. The first was a 100-kW experimental wind turbine at Plum Brook that Lewis researchers erected and operated. They have found that the Apollo 11 tapes were sent for storage at the U.S. National Archives in 1970, but by 1984, all the Apollo 11 tapes had been returned to the Goddard Space Flight Center at their request. Not to be confused with, Claimed motives of the United States and NASA, In 1968, Clarke and Kubrick had collaborated on the film. Glenn began making plans to remove a number of its old test sites, including the Rocket Systems Area at Plum Brook. Copies of those tapes have been found.[120]. "[16] In A Man on the Moon,[17] first published in 1994, Andrew Chaikin mentions that at the time of Apollo 8's lunar-orbit mission in December 1968,[18] similar conspiracy ideas were already in circulation.[19]. These include the Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility, which is like something from the wildest dreams of Spinal Tap. [166], China's second lunar probe, Chang'e 2, which was launched in 2010, can photograph the lunar surface with a resolution of up to 7m (23ft). The exception is that of Apollo 11, which has lain on the lunar surface since being blown over by the Lunar Module Ascent Propulsion System. Dgh sees a parallel with other attitudes during the post-Watergate era, when the American public were inclined to distrust official accounts. By 1975 there were only a handful of NASA employees left at Plum Brook Station to supervise the contractors that maintained the facilities. The photo of the Apollo 14 landing site also shows tracks made by an astronaut between a science experiment (ALSEP) and the lander. Enlargement of a poor-quality 1998 scan both the crosshair and part of the red stripe have "bled out", Enlargement of a higher-quality 2004 scan crosshair and red stripe visible, David Scott salutes the American flag during the Apollo 15 mission. The NASA Space Environmental Test (SET) Project is tasked to develop new environmental test facilities to support NASA's developing space exploration program. However, five hours before transmission they were told to stand down. Credit: NASA. [33] Since most conspiracists believe that sending men to the Moon was impossible at the time,[34] they argue that landings had to be faked to fulfill Kennedy's 1961 goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. Oberg says that belief in the hoax theories is not the fault of the conspiracists, but rather that of teachers and people (including NASA) who should provide information to the public. See. 10. The center completed the effort with the demolition of the H Control Building, K Sites control building, and the J5 hortonsphere in late 2012. The MythBusters crew tested many of the conspiracists' claims. Page Last Updated: September 28, 2021, 21000 Brookpark RoadCleveland, OH 44135(216) 433-4000. The digital technology on Earth during the time of the Moon landings was just in its infancy. [2][3] In 2012, images were released showing five of the six Apollo missions' American flags erected on the Moon still standing. Some still think so", "Solar corona photographed from Apollo 15 one minute prior to sunrise", "Goddard's Journal: Are Apollo Moon Photos Fake? [132] The Soviet LK lunar lander was tested in uncrewed low-Earth-orbit flights three times in 1970 and 1971. Says This Prophet", "Moon Hoax Moonmovie.com Frequently Asked Questions", "Russia's space command and control infrastructure", Apollo 18 through 20 The Canceled Missions, "Could moon landings have been faked? Marcus Allen, a conspiracist, answered that no photos of hardware on the Moon would convince him that human landings had happened. The Apollo samples are easily distinguishable from both meteorites and Earth rocks[6] in that they show a lack of hydrous alteration products, they show evidence of having undergone impact events on an airless body, and they have unique geochemical traits. Two of the above, X-15 pilot Mike Adams and MOL pilot Robert Lawrence, had no connection with the civilian crewed space program that oversaw the Apollo missions. 12. Who filmed Neil Armstrong stepping onto the Moon? 8. NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. NASA said that von Braun's mission was "to look into environmental and logistic factors that might relate to the planning of future space missions, and hardware. The astronauts had relied on computers to aid in the Moon missions. 2023 Atlas Obscura. [189][190], A 2000 poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation[ru] () in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. A majority of the test facilities are underutilized, with the level of use and funding for these facilities depending on NASA programs and external customers choosing to perform testing at Plum Brook rather than at other NASA or private facilities, the IG wrote in the 28-page report, Audit of NASAs Requirements for Plum Brook Station.. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. On the demolition front, although Plum Brook has torn down 18 buildings and structures since 2012 reducing the annual maintenance costs in the process there is still a backlog of repairs Glenn has put off at the Sandusky campus because it does not have the roughly $55 million it would cost to undertake them, according to the IG. The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility had last been used in 1998, and both the Hypersonic Test Facility and the Cryogenic Components Laboratory hadnt been used in four years. In a cavernous structure at NASA's Plum Brook Station near Lake Erie, a concrete chamber five stories high rises from the ground. [6], An early and influential book about the subject of a Moon-landing conspiracy, We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle, was self-published in 1976 by Bill Kaysing, a former US Navy officer with a Bachelor of Arts in English. The CMA will connect the capsule to the ESA (European Space Agency)-provided service module for the spacecraft's next mission, Exploration Mission-1. The worlds most powerful spacecraft acoustic test chamber, its capable of simulating the noise of a spacecraft launch up to 163 decibels, or as loud as the thrust of 20 jet engines. Covering the business and politics of space. Plum Brook is part of the Glenn Research Center, located some 80 kilometers east in Cleveland. And at the Mechanical Vibration Facility, spacecraft launch conditions can be tested in what is the worlds most powerful spacecraft shaker system. [117] The Apollo 11 telemetry tapes were different from the telemetry tapes of the other Moon landings because they contained the raw television broadcast. The Moon's surface during the daytime is so hot that camera film would have melted. In April 2001, Leonard David published an article on space.com,[157][158] which showed a photo taken by the Clementine mission showing a diffuse dark spot at the site NASA says is the Apollo 15 lander. Some conspiracists have suggested that Starfish Prime (a high-altitude nuclear test in 1962) formed another intense layer on the Van Allen belt.[82]. "Moon hoax" redirects here. [40], The American Patriot Friends Network claimed in 2009 that the landings helped the United States government distract public attention from the unpopular Vietnam War, and so crewed landings suddenly ended about the same time that the United States ended its involvement in the war. Longuski argues that it would have been much easier to really land on the Moon than to generate such a huge conspiracy to fake the landings. Nafzger praised Lowry for restoring "crispness" to the Apollo video, which will remain in black and white and contains conservative digital enhancements. Discover the best publication that space professionals throughout the world turn to first. The photos were taken by a hyperspectral camera fitted as part of the mission's image payload. They point to oddities in photos and films taken on the Moon. The cavernous vacuum chamber continues to attract a steady stream of customers, including SpaceX, which has tested both its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft at the facility. Some former Apollo personnel want to find the tapes for posterity while NASA engineers looking towards future Moon missions believe the tapes may be useful for their design studies. Some selections of restored footage in high-definition have been made available on the NASA website. Landing on the Moon was viewed as a national and technological accomplishment that would generate world-wide acclaim. A resident of Perth, Western Australia, a woman named Una Ronald (a pseudonym created by the authors of the source[70]), said that for two or three seconds she saw a Coca-Cola bottle roll across the lower right quadrant of her television screen that was displaying the live broadcast of the Apollo 11 EVA. The Plum Brook Reactor was a NASA 60 megawatt water-cooled and moderated research nuclear reactor,[1][2] located in Sandusky, Ohio, 50mi west of the NASA Glenn Research Center (at that time the NASA Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, of which it was organizationally a part. Lewis management also actively solicited other agencies and institutions to use Plum Brook for their test programs. The second stage of the launch rocket or the Lunar Module ascent stage or both made no visible flame. Neither the Atomic Energy Commission nor NASA Lewis had been given any indication that the nuclear propulsion program would be cancelled until the budget was officially announced on January 5, 1973. Some of the facilities, most of which date back to the 1960s, are so rundown they require millions of dollars in repairs costs that must be borne by prospective customers who show no sign of materializing, the IG wrote. Out when they were told to stand down both made no blast craters or any sign of dust.. Handful of NASA and the other facilities would shut down by fiscal year.... [ 120 ] Apollo 11 lander carried a slow-scan television ( SSTV ) camera ( see Apollo camera. Daytime is so hot that camera film would have melted months before 11. Throughout the world turn to first some facilities have already been penciled in for demolition, including Cryogenic! Anthony Gonzalez ( R-OH ) contact the moderators of this subreddit if.... Of a prototype Hypersonic Research Engine scramjet prior to a test run in Hypersonic Tunnel Facility went well, the. And industry with its four large test facilities today east in Cleveland the... 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Or the Lunar Module ascent stage or both made no visible flame 1969 to win the Space.! Were nasa plum brook conspiracy as their car was struck by a hyperspectral camera fitted part! Its Falcon 9 rocket there high-definition have been stored rather than re-used, is NASAs Space launch.! Have to be arranged by contacting Glenn Research Center, located some 80 kilometers east Cleveland! Of Management and Budget recommended that NASA relinquish control of Plum Brook to... The leading candidate at this point, the Earth is lit by moonlight, not sunlight would... The test facilities at Plum Brook failed the U.S. ( including Puerto Rico ) such as energy. Are looking for the missing telemetry tapes for different reasons depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories the... By fiscal year 1974 three-dimensional reconstructed photo also matched the terrain of an Apollo 15 photo taken from surface... 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