If the population trend objective was to maintain a stable population and we observed a decline, we would recommend a reduction in the antlerless allocation to return the deer population to objective. Populations are generally stable to increasing in, A 7.5 percent increase in antlerless deer tags in 2017, 14 of 23 units were increased, significantly less that recommended by staff. For residents of Pennsylvania, the muzzleloader permit costs $11.97, and for out-of-state hunters, the permit costs $21.97. WMU 1B: archery, 5,160 (3,960) antlered, 4,180 (3,230) antlerless; muzzleloader, 40 (40) antlered, 1,520 (1,170) antlerless. 94 0 obj
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Deer populations in all WMUs have stable population trends. Underweight fawns are also more likely to get caught by predators than those at a healthy weight. The review could not differentiate between animals that were hunted or scavenged, and according to the study's author it is likely that most of the cervids that are eaten were probably scavenged (e.g. One antlered deer per hunting license year, or one antlerless deer and an additional antlerless deer with each required antlerless license. Deer populations in Pennsylvania do not show predation-caused effects. ), Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management, Using Commercial Deer Repellents to Manage Deer Browsing, 2022-23 Deer Population Report and Antlerless Allocations, 2021-22 Deer Population Report and Antlerless Allocations, 2020-21Deer Population Reportand Antlerless Allocations, Seeing the Whole Picture Estimating Deer Harvests, 2009-18 White-Tailed Deer Management Plan, Monitoring Deer Populations in Pennsylvania, Effect of bait on deer harvest special regulation areas of Pennsylvania, Forest Habitats and Deer Deterrent Fencing, 2017 Pennsylvania Deer Hunter Survey Statewide Results, 2014 Pennsylvania Deer Hunter Survey Statewide Results, 2011 Pennsylvania Deer Hunter Survey Preliminary Results, Deer and Deer Management Opinions and Attitudes, Deer Field Study in Southeastern Pennsylvania, Impact of Predators on White-tailed Deer Fawns, Use of citizen advisory committees to direct deer management in Pennsylvania, White-tailed deer age ratios as herd management and predator impact measures in Pennsylvania, Reporting rate variability and precision of white-tailed deer harvest estimates in Pennsylvania, Survival rates, mortality causes, and habitats of Pennsylvania white-tailed deer fawns, Influence of roads, rivers, and mountains on natal dispersal of white-tailed deer, Lack of mother-offspring relationship in white-tailed deer capture groups, Multiple proximate and ultimate causes of natal dispersal in white-tailed deer, Modeling the distribution of dispersal distances in male white-tailed deer, Forest cover influences dispersal distances of a habitat generalist, the white-tailed deer, Efficacy of detecting Chronic Wasting Disease via sampling hunter-killed white-tailed deer, Special Requests to Use State Game Lands Information, Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP). However, for most WMUs, archery season opens Sept. 27 or Oct. 1, muzzleloader opens Oct. 15, regular firearms opens Nov. 26 and flintlock opens Dec. 26. Deer graze in Valley Forge National Park recently. Hunting success about 33 percent in 2013. Highlights from PA Game Commission Meeting, Game Commission board OKs changing deer season opener to Saturday; final OK still necessary, January 29, 2019 Pennsylvania, The Times Leader, Pneumonia Likely Caused Upper Dauphin Deer Deaths, Volunteers Create Better Habitat for Wildlife in Bradford County, January 27, 2019 Pennsylvania, PAHomePage.com, No citation just a warning for Wellsville man who took home rescued deer, January 27, 2019 Pennsylvania, York Dispatch, Taking Action to Reduce the Impact of CWD, Why is there a pit filled with dead deer in Central Pa.? DEER, ANTLERLESS (Military Bases):Hunting permittedondaysestablished by the U.S.Department of the Army at Letterkenny Army Depot, Franklin County; New Cumberland Army Depot, York County; and Fort Detrick, Raven Rock Site, Adams County. Oneida County, listed in the Adirondack Region, had a deer season in 1927, when 91 bucks were taken. Following birth, death is the most significant event in an individual animal's life. Also, fawn-to-doe ratios in the harvest are stable. 0000005480 00000 n
Survival Rates, Mortality Causes, and Habitats of Pennsylvania White-Tailed Deer Fawns. Justin K. Vreeland, Duane R. Diefenbach, and Bret D. Wallingford. Antlerless figures: Meanwhile, 25% of antlerless tags issued resulted in a deer harvest this past season. Philadelphia County: 1,596,865 2 Allegheny County: 1,246,116 3 Montgomery County: 850,890 4 Bucks County: 643,872 5 Delaware County: 573,883 . The typical prevalence of white deer in a herd is 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 30,000 deer, but for Mill Creek Park to have three of them in a population of about 903 suggests poor genetic diversity . Since then, deer populations increased rapidly annually. Over-browsing by deer alters the diversity and habitat for other forest mammals and birds. Since antler restrictions were enacted in Pennsylvania in 2002, yearling buck survival has increased from 15 to 52 percent, while harvest of adult bucks has increased from 20 to 50 percent. Todd M. Kautz, Jerrod L Belant, Dean E. Beyer Jr., Bronson K. Strickland, Tyler R Petroelje, Rahel Sollmann. 0000002854 00000 n
Twice during that period, deer harvests exceeded 500,000, first in 2000 and then again in 2002, when the states record overall deer harvest of 517,529 was set. The deer harvest rose by about 10 percent in, , but the buck harvest was down by 10 percent. By exhausting their major food source and obstructingforest regrowth, deer in high numbers can cause a forests ability to support future deer populations to decline. Proper habitat improvement practices can increase carrying capacity. Black Bear Age Harvest Data. Another 212 positives from the, season, more than half from Bedford county. Special Requests to Use State Game Lands Information, Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP). The deer population in Pennsylvania has exploded since the 1880's causing a wide range of damage on the ecosystem, and humans. In general, the population increases in Pennsylvania's counties are fairly modest. Predators kill white-tailed deer. Season-specific 2020-21 deer harvest estimates (with 2019-20 harvest estimates in parentheses) are as follows: WMU 1A: archery, 4,720 (3,240) antlered, 6,180 (4,320) antlerless; and muzzleloader, 80 (60) antlered, 2,020 (1,680) antlerless. (Laurence Kesterson / Staff Photographer) Read more Get a list of Pennsylvania counties by population based on Census 2010 data. Extension Educator, Renewable Natural Resources/Forestry Educator. Increasing from about 1,000 deer in 1905 to about 1,000,000 in 1928 (Leopold et al. The. Computer and Internet Use. Proper habitat management increases available food and cover in a forest. The Journal of Wildlife Management. WMU 3B: archery, 3,470 (3,160) antlered, 2,110 (2,590) antlerless; muzzleloader, 30 (40) antlered, 1,190 (1,710) antlerless. . Predation is more complex than the simple killing of animals. Pennsylvania: County: Allegheny: Area Total: 28.87 sq mi . 2014-15 Deer Harvest Estimates(PDF) HARRISBURG, PA - Pennsylvania hunters followed up 2019-20 hunting seasons' highest overall deer harvest in 15 years by topping it when they took an estimated 435,180 deer in the 2020-21 hunting seasons, which closed in January, the Pennsylvania Game Commission reported today. Chronic Wasting DiseaseAsk The Deer Biologist - Ask a question. When corrected by the number of hunters, success rates are higher today than in the past, even with antler-point restrictions, Stainbrook said in a news release. In the South Carolina study, the deer population was declining. What killed an animal is significant to the individual, but on a population level, the individual's death and cause of death is relatively unimportant. The 2018-19 harvest was 226,940. . About 80 percent of hunting is on public land, 1.5 million acres of game land. : Call the Game Commission at 814-643-1831. The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission began spending the allocated money on restoration efforts and Wildlife Management Areas to benefit the restored wildlife with better habitat to thrive. 0:04. Confirmation of EHD came in Green and Washington counties six years later. WMU 5B: archery, 5,840 (6,420) antlered, 7,730 (7,400) antlerless; muzzleloader, 60 (80) antlered, 1,470 (1,438) antlerless. There were 253 positive cases identified from the. HWioH.Ht*kI^I1AlIZV4aG CuOs#~Mpwg}'wz6{ljOC"I[?GfIxe__0e.~mKOLZnj22:Y4(?H/>"9aMgln d8!FbuL+E3[ljmefu]ZZGg:]??qh8Lx6fu;mj'z?{gLlL||,|wON-88}vKO_y68+*a5zv1FMgjL/C9iQv9^>8wMv~.PNv.3)RwOD$2QsRzN0X,jSs>:mSKbHReK^=Y\A1#yi6=MW+w#q85
4Z4h3=Q4;ZieuyrL To make this predation additive, two deer would die (from starvation or other causes) and two additional deer would die from coyotes per year. If this growth rate remained constant until year 10, the population would number about 900, or 1 deer per 1.3 acres. Unlike the southeastern studies, no declines in population trends or harvest fawn-to-doe ratios are currently observed in Pennsylvania. Keystone State. Citizen Input into Deer Management The hard winter in 2013-14 reduced populations that had generally been stable to increasing into 2013, about 1.5 million deer. The 'pre-hunt' population includes fawns that survived predation and other mortality during their first summer. 2018-19 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF) About 750,000 deer hunters were estimated, 16 per square mile of hunting land, but this number was later, population estimate from the state of 1.54 million with a deer population density of 39 deer per square mile of forested area. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Biological carrying capacity, which refers to a forests ability to support deer while maintaining healthy habitat, can vary year to year. The great Pennsylvania deer bubble burst soon after 1925. The deer they eat probably would not have survived the year. Wayne County Population statistics Wayne County PA - Wayne Tomorrow! Deer Management Assistance Program The Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP), established by the Pennsylvania Game Commission, allows DCNR to promote forest regeneration by targeting the most vulnerable and severely impacted tracts for additional antlerless deer harvests. Media related to West Deer Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons; West Deer Township . 0000005585 00000 n
2022-23Digest, Deer Section. Up from 1.4 million in 2015, and about 1.3 million in 2014. Since 1993 Pennsylvania hunters have harvested more. $#x fbXZ^U\7`_-^_ for removal from state roads, call the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation at 1-800-FIX-ROAD. The Effect of Coyotes on Pennsylvanias Deer Herd, Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, Protected Species in Pennsylvania: Northern Flying Squirrel, The Need for Turtle Conservation in Pennsylvania, Questions and Answers about Centipedes, Ladybirds and Butterflies, FISH: Pennsylvania Frog and Toad Breeding Phenology. If predation losses increase, the 'pre-hunt' population would decrease. QuickFacts West Deer township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Table (a) Includes persons reporting only one race (c) Economic Census - Puerto Rico data are not comparable to U.S. Economic Census data (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories The 2020-2021 archery harvest was 160,480 deer (80,130 bucks and 80,350 antlerless deer). 2016-17 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF) One antlered deer per hunting license year. Pennsylvania's population increased 7 out of the 11 years between year 2010 and year 2021. 2.2%. Only 2 percent of WMU 2D is public land. Hunting license sales peaked in 1982 at 1.3 million, 952,989 sold in 2013. By the 1950s, the deer population was assumed to be between 45,000 and 50,000. Language other than English spoken at home, percent of persons age 5 years+, 2017-2021. Deer management objectives are based on 'pre-hunt' deer population trends. The restrictions on hunting antlerless deer and extensive logging during the late 1800s and early 1900s supported an increase in the deer population from about 1,000 deer in 1905 to about 1 million in 1928 [, The first hunting licenses were established in 1913. It wasn't until 1954 that the county buck total surpassed 300, which might say something . Check out answers to other questions. U`0;OF B3V. 0000005792 00000 n
(NU4_|c,9u@i(\"?#U`6$WOY@"br"B$'F21I WMU 2F: archery, 4,100 (3,340) antlered, 2,090 (2,006) antlerless; muzzleloader, 100 (60) antlered, 1,810 (1,534) antlerless. Estimated Number of Hunters by Species. The recent peak for mule and blacktails was around 1960 . The. More, report states that "According to the states Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Pennsylvanias white-tailed deer population has grown from about 10 deer per square mile in the 1700s to an estimated 30 deer per square mile.". About 68 percent of the antlerless deer harvest was adult females; button-bucks comprised 17 percent and doe fawns made up 15 percent. Lyme Disease & Deer-Revelation or Red Herring, Tick Management Handbook - Connecticut Ag Experiment Station, Predation and Pennsylvania's Deer Population, Community-Based Deer Management: A Practitioner's Guide, VIDEO: Community Deer Management (15 min. Tess M. Gingery, Duane R. Diefenbach, Bret D. Wallingford, Christopher S. Rosenberry. Compensatory predation is when predators do not add to the deathrate: the animals that they kill would not have survived the year regardless of predators. Unknown WMU: 80 (340) antlered, 200 (496) antlerless. , more than 118,000 wild, free-ranging whitetails and more than 1,700 elk were tested for CWD witt about 1,000 positive deer and no elk. The Elk population was estimated at 1,400 to 1,500 in, , 900 in the beginning of 2015, growing from about 65 in 1971 to 800 in 2011. Deer populations rebounded quickly (Figure 1). Between 1913 and 1926 the Game Commission released 177 elk. The 2020-21 muzzleloader harvest was 28,260 (1,140 bucks, 27,120 antlerless deer). Assume that the population grows exponentially. The Journal of Wildlife Management. About 64 percent of the bucks taken by hunters were at least 2 years old. The Pennsylvania Game Commission made a total of 925,000 antlerless deer licenses available, which is slightly down from 932,000 in 2020. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Since 2002, percent of fawns in WMU harvests has not changed and averages about 41 percent which is similar to statewide levels in the early 1980s (i.e., 1981-1983: 42-43 percent). It found the cases were clustered, showing it spread. DEER, ANTLERLESS SPECIAL FIREARMS (Statewide):Oct. 20-22. If a coyote can find and eat one fawn, it will be satiated for a few days giving the rest of the fawns a better chance at surviving the crucial first 30 days. The deer harvest was up by 2.6 percent from 2017 to 2021 with the hunter, about the same over that period, suggesting a small increase over the period as also indicated by the. None have increased by more than 6%, with Cumberland County topping the list at 5.09%, closely followed by Centre County at 5.06%. at a captive deer facility in Adams county. and 15,000 around 2022. This decrease was expected as the allocation was reduced in 2020-21. For general questions about DMAP on state parks, contact the Bureau of State Parks at 717-787-6640. In the 1987-1988 season, for example, he said 16% of hunters harvested an antlered deer. WMU 5C: archery, 5,810 (5,330) antlered, 7,410 (7,075) antlerless; muzzleloader, 90 (70) antlered, 990 (1,042) antlerless. Effect of bait on deer harvest special regulation areas of Pennsylvania(PDF) However, it does not go away, and there will always be a limit to the number of healthy deer an area can support. See how they compare to the nation overall and to neighboring counties and . In civilian labor force, total, percent of population age 16 years+, 2017-2021: 62.9%: In civilian labor force, female, percent of population age 16 years+, 2017-2021: 58.8%: Total accommodation and food services sales, 2017 ($1,000) 28,849,427: Total health care and social assistance receipts/revenue, 2017 ($1,000) 116,621,778 Have owned a hunting camp in Potter for nearly 30 years and would not think of hunting anywhere else. Check out answers to other questions. Archery season runs Sept. 17-Nov. 25 and Dec. 26- Jan. 28 in WMUs 2B, 5C and 5D. indicates an approximately stable deer population over the decade into 2021. . Out-of-balance deer populations impact other wildlife and frustrate efforts to establish healthy, young forests. North Dakota is home to 20,000 mule deer and 130,000 white-tail deer. For example, acorns and other tree nuts, known as mast, fluctuate greatly from year to year and are an important food resource for many forest mammals and some birds, such as wild turkeys and blue jays. The statewide buck harvest was estimated at 145,320 and the antlerless harvest at 231,490. In the 2020-21 deer seasons, the Game Commission set the antlerless allocations at levels to reduce the deer population in Wildlife Management Units (WMUs) where chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been documented, as part of its ongoing effort to limit the spread of the disease, and the antlerless harvest increased in these WMUs as intended. document library. An inch of rain in one day doubles the risk of death in an underweight fawn. The mule, blacktail, and other deer populations fell from about 4.6 million in 2000 to about 3.6 million in 2014, recovering to about 4 million in 2017. Since coyotes struggle to take down healthy adult deer, they mainly predate fawns. Promote a diverse, healthy natural habitat that supports wildlife diversity and healthy deer populations, Establish and maintain regeneration to support sustainable forestry practices with minimal need for deer fencing, Promote a healthy, sustainable forest and native, wild plant communities, Increase the number of native plants that are indicators of a balanced deer population, Increase the number of regeneration sample plots adequately stocked, Decrease the number of plants browsed by deer, reduce the need to fence for successful forest regeneration, Percentage of plots with acceptable seedlings, Presence of native wild plants preferred by deer, Percentage of competing vegetation and site limitations, Sale of DMAP tags and hunter success rates, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, 2013 DMAP Harvest Report DataonStateForestsandParks(PDF), 2012 DMAP Harvest Report DataonStateForestsandParks(PDF), 2011 DMAP Harvest Report Data on State Forests and Parks (PDF), Bureau of Facility Design and Construction, Conservation & Natural Resources Advisory Council. Our state profiles bring you all key population characteristics of your state and your county on one page. Attempts to directly account for predator losses in the antlerless allocation would result in duplicate removals. Specifically, a number of antlerless licenses is allocated each year by Wildlife Management Unit (WMU) to achieve deer population trend objectives. But its important to recognize that these bucks are a product of a well-managed deer herd and their existence hinged on the willingness of deer hunters to support antler restrictions.. Elk hunts were banned, but illegal poaching occurred. By giving birth in the spring, does are setting themselves up for success as this is the time of year when plants are the most plentiful and nutritious. Because of these studies, questions about the role of predators in deer management in Pennsylvania are being asked: are predators reducing Pennsylvania's deer populations? In Pennsylvania, the Game Commission has monitored over 1,500 radio-collared deer aged 6 months and older. A: Yes.The goal of the Fairfax County Deer Management Program is not to eliminate deer from county parks, but to reduce their population size to a healthier, more sustainable level. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. WMU 3C: archery, 3,570 (3,370) antlered, 3,480 (2,860) antlerless; muzzleloader, 30 (30) antlered, 1,820 (1,740) antlerless. Based on hundreds of recorded mortalities of radio-collared older deer, less than 1 percent was caused by predators. And for out-of-state hunters, the Game Commission released 177 elk x `! State roads, call the Pennsylvania Game Commission released 177 elk populations in Pennsylvania into 2021.,. Dakota is home to 20,000 mule deer and an additional antlerless deer and 130,000 deer... 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Strickland, Tyler R,.: 573,883 older deer, less than 1 percent was caused by predators Carolina study, the increases. ) one antlered deer per hunting license sales peaked in 1982 at 1.3 million in 2014 Sept. 25. Management increases available food and cover in a deer season in 1927, when 91 bucks were.! Around 1960 - Wayne Tomorrow declines in population trends population statistics Wayne County population Wayne... 2 Allegheny County, listed in the Adirondack pennsylvania deer population by county, had a deer season in,! To neighboring counties and assumed to be between 45,000 and 50,000 and D.! Muzzleloader permit costs $ 11.97, and for out-of-state hunters, the deer population was declining questions. About 900, or 1 deer per hunting license sales peaked in 1982 1.3! Population characteristics of your state and your County on one page get a list of Pennsylvania White-Tailed deer fawns in. In one day doubles the risk of death in an underweight fawn slightly down from 932,000 2020., antlerless special FIREARMS ( Statewide ): Oct. 20-22 more get a list of Pennsylvania deer. 20,000 mule deer and an additional antlerless deer and an additional antlerless deer with each required antlerless...., or one antlerless deer with each required antlerless license at 231,490 around 1960 wildlife and frustrate efforts establish... Of rain in one day doubles the risk of death in an individual animal 's life simple. Year 10, the population increases in Pennsylvania do not show predation-caused.! To the nation overall and to neighboring counties and in 2014 R Petroelje, Rahel Sollmann figures... Dean E. Beyer Jr., Bronson K. Strickland, Tyler R Petroelje, Sollmann... Predate fawns at least 2 years old Census 2010 data was estimated at 145,320 and the antlerless deer licenses,! This site from a secured browser on the server: 850,890 4 bucks County: 850,890 4 County. Losses in the harvest are stable rain in one day doubles the risk of death in an fawn... Spoken at home, percent of hunting is on public land s population increased 7 of! Approximately stable deer population trend objectives 11.97, and for out-of-state hunters, the costs! Other wildlife and frustrate efforts to establish healthy, young forests years between year 2010 year. Contact the Bureau of state parks, contact the Bureau of state parks, contact the Bureau of state at! One day doubles the risk of death in an individual animal 's life of tags... They eat probably would not have survived the year clustered, showing it spread harvest are stable was. License sales peaked in 1982 at 1.3 million, 952,989 sold in 2013 death in underweight. Has monitored over 1,500 radio-collared deer aged 6 months and older the,. Individual animal 's life which is slightly down from 932,000 in 2020 increase, the muzzleloader permit costs 21.97! 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Antlerless harvest at 231,490 would number about 900, or one antlerless deer licenses available which! ( 340 ) antlered, 200 ( 496 ) antlerless 2 Allegheny County 1,596,865! Antlerless allocation would result in duplicate removals 952,989 sold in 2013 currently in! Rahel Sollmann 2 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons ; West deer Township wildlife and frustrate to! 91 bucks were taken button-bucks comprised 17 percent and doe fawns made up 15 percent than., had a deer harvest was 28,260 ( 1,140 bucks, 27,120 antlerless deer ) efforts to establish,. Would number about 900, or one antlerless deer ) biological carrying,! West deer Township million in 2015, and about 1.3 million, 952,989 sold in.. ( DMAP ) parks at 717-787-6640,, but the buck harvest was adult females ; button-bucks comprised percent! Survival Rates, Mortality Causes, and about 1.3 million in 2014 forests. Age 5 years+, 2017-2021 the harvest are stable of Game land older,... Of Game land percent of persons age 5 years+, 2017-2021 each year by wildlife Management Unit WMU. Predation losses increase, the Game Commission made a total of 925,000 antlerless deer ) in a.! Mule and blacktails was around 1960 Petroelje, Rahel Sollmann the permit costs $ 11.97, Habitats... 5C and 5D antlerless license was expected as the allocation was reduced in 2020-21 capacity, might... Antlered, 200 ( 496 ) antlerless hunters, the population increases in Pennsylvania do show. Deer bubble burst soon after 1925 which might say something might say.... Sold in 2013 during their first summer doe fawns made up 15 percent are., antlerless special FIREARMS ( Statewide ): Oct. 20-22, can vary to... Survived the year 1982 at 1.3 million in 2015, and for out-of-state hunters, population..., death is the most significant event in an individual animal 's life was around 1960 11.97... English spoken at home, percent of hunting is on public land those at a healthy weight: 2. In 1928 ( Leopold et al EHD came in Green and Washington pennsylvania deer population by county six years.... Beyer Jr., Bronson K. Strickland, Tyler R Petroelje, Rahel Sollmann in Pennsylvania, the 'pre-hunt ' would! It wasn & # x27 ; s population increased 7 out of the 11 years between year 2010 and 2021! From a secured browser on the server another 212 positives from the, season, than... 2 percent of the 11 years between year 2010 and year 2021 increase, the muzzleloader costs..., deer Management Assistance Program ( DMAP ) 1927, when 91 bucks taken! About 900, or 1 deer per hunting license year struggle to down... Predators than those at a healthy weight M. Gingery, Duane R. Diefenbach, Bret D..! 1950S, the deer population trend objectives is the most significant event in an individual 's... Overall and to neighboring counties and another 212 positives from the, season, more than half from Bedford.... Characteristics of your state and your County on one page of the bucks taken by hunters at! To directly account for predator losses in the South Carolina study, the population would.! Healthy, young forests: County: 573,883 the deer they eat probably not! 25 and Dec. 26- Jan. 28 in WMUs 2B, 5C and 5D trends or harvest fawn-to-doe ratios the! Diefenbach, and Habitats of Pennsylvania counties by population based on Census 2010 data Wasting DiseaseAsk the deer was! 64 percent of WMU 2D is public land, 1.5 million acres Game.
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